<p>The Theban Necropolis is a necropolis on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  in Upper Egypt. It was used for ritual burials for much of the Pharaonic period, especially during the New Kingdom.</p><br>
<h2>Mortuary temples</h2><br>
<p>Deir el-Bahri</p><br>
<p>Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut</p><br>
<p>Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II</p><br>
<p>Mortuary temple of Thutmose III</p><br>
<p>Medinet Habu</p><br>
<p>Mortuary temple and palace of Ramesses III</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Ay & Horemheb</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III</p><br>
<p>Colossi of Memnon</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Merneptah</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Ramesses IV</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Thutmose IV</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Twosret</p><br>
<p>Temple of Nebwenenef</p><br>
<p>Qurna</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Seti I</p><br>
<p>Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep II</p><br>
<p>Ramesseum (Mortuary Temple of Ramesses II)</p><br>
<h2>Royal Necropolis</h2><br>
<p>Valley of the Kings (Modern: "Wadi el-Muluk")</p><br>
<p>Valley of the Queens (Modern: "Biban el-Harim")</p><br>
<h2>Necropolis</h2><br>
<p>Deir el-Medina</p><br>
<p>Workmen&#39;s Tombs</p><br>
<p>Shrine to Meretseger & Ptah</p><br>
<p>Tombs of the Nobles</p><br>
<p>el-Assasif</p><br>
<p>el-Khokha</p><br>
<p>el-Tarif</p><br>
<p>Dra Abu el-Naga</p><br>
<p>Qurnet Murai</p><br>
<p>Sheikh Abd el-Qurna</p><br>
<p>Naissaar  is an island northwest of Tallinn  in Estonia. The island covers an area of 18.6 km&sup2;. It is 8 km long and 3.5 km wide, and lies about 8.5 km from the mainland. The highest point on the island is Kunilamägi, which is 27 m above sea level. The island consists predominantly of coniferous forest and piles of stones and boulders. , the island had a population of ten. Now the island has three dozen or so permanent residents and some summer residents. Administratively the island is divided into three villages: Lõunaküla , Tagaküla  and Väikeheinamaa .</p><br>
<p>Until the Second World War, the island&#39;s population numbered about 450 people of Estonian-Swedish origin. However, these people fled during the war. Naissaar under Soviet rule was a military area and off-limits to the public.</p><br>
<p>Although the fortifications on the island date back to Peter the Great&#39;s scheme to fortify Tallinn, the main fortifications are from the period of Russian rule before World War II. Today, the previous small houses of the Swedish villages are being restored bit-by-bit. Also being restored is a narrow gauge railway that runs from the north to the southern tip of the island.</p><br>
<p>A notable native of the island was Bernhard Schmidt, the German-Estonian optician who invented the Schmidt telescope in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The island received a lighthouse in 1788, though the present lighthouse dates to 1960. It is 47 meters tall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s name means "island of women". It is possible, therefore, that Naissaar is the island the chronicle of Adam of Bremen mentioned around 1075 under the name "Terra Feminarum". Estonian Swedish fishermen were well-established on the island by the 15th Century, and the Swedes erected a small fortress there in 1705 during the Great Northern War. After the war Estonia became part of the Russian Empire. The Tsar had a new fortress, with five bastions, built in 1720, for the defense of Tallinn and St. Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>An epic single-ship action took place off the north end of the island on 1808 when the 14-gun Russian cutter Opyt put up an heroic though ultimately unsuccessful fight against the British 44-gun frigate.</p><br>
<p>In 1850 the island&#39;s population was 155 people and by 1858 it had grown to 188, most of whom were Estonian Swedes. Between 1853 and 1856 the inhabitants built a new chapel that was part of the Swedish parish of St. Michael in Tallinn.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, Russia began the process of a modernization of its fortifications in the Gulf of Finland. However, the outbreak of the First World War stopped the planned improvements for Naissaar. Still, in 1914 the Russians opened a narrow-gauge railway line, with a total trackage of 37.7 km.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>The Russians built a new fort during the First World War. Estonia acquired some autonomy in April 1917 by a decree of the Russian provisional government, though Estonia remained under the suzerainty of the Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolutions the Bolshevik rebels suspended Estonia&#39;s provisional government, the Maapäev.</p><br>
<p>In December 1917, a group of Russian sailors commandeered Naissaar and proclaimed an independent "socialist republic", known as the Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Nargen, under the leadership of Stepan Petrichenko. The Russian sailors, numbering about 80–90 men, formed a government and levied taxes on the local population.</p><br>
<p>At this point the new Estonian government appealed to the German army for assistance. The "republic" ceased to exist two months later, on February 26, 1918, when German forces occupied the island, causing the Russians to flee. The sailors fled to Kronstadt, where Petrichenko came to play an important role in the Kronstadt uprising.</p><br>
<p>After the departure of the German troops the Estonian Provisional Government executed forty Bolshevik prisoners of war here in February 1919. The island then became part of the new Estonian Republic in 1920.</p><br>
<h3>Between the wars</h3><br>
<p>The Estonian Republic too used Naissaar as a naval base. In 1934, 450 people lived on the island, of whom 291 were Estonians, most of whom in turn were in the Estonian army. The army of the Republic of Estonia continued to use the railway for military purposes throughout the 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>The Red Army occupied Naissar in 1940, only to have the Wehrmacht displace it a few months later. The population of Swedish fishermen preferred the Germans, and when the Red Army drove the Germans out in 1944, the last of the Swedish-speaking fishermen took refuge in Sweden.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war</h3><br>
<p>During the period of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union established its largest factory for naval mines in the Baltic on the island. The Soviets therefore declared the island a military area and off-limits to the public. The Soviets also used the railway to connect the factory to the port.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Soviet period</h2><br>
<p>When the Soviets left Naissaar in early 1993, they burned the explosives in the naval mines, leaving a multitude of metal casings scattered throughout the island. Many of these were scavenged as scrap iron, but a field of mines is still visible near the wharf at Mädasadam. Another legacy of the arms industry is that the soil of the island remains contaminated by oil and heavy metals.</p><br>
<p>In 1995 Naissaar was converted into a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>Naissaare põhjatipp.jpgNaissaare lighthouse</p><br>
<p>Naissaare sadama tulepaak 2016 - 02.jpgNaissaare harbour light beacon</p><br>
<p>Omari küün Naissaarel (1).jpgOmari barn</p><br>
<p>Mälestusmärk Naissaare kalmistul.jpgMemorial stone in cemetery</p><br>
<p>Paadisadam Naissaarel.jpgSouth coast of Naissaar</p><br>
<p>Naissaare Church, 2016.jpgNaissaare Church</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Platanias  is a village and municipality on the Greek island of Crete. It is located about 10 km west from the city of Chania and east of Kastelli-Kissamos, on Chania Bay. The seat of the municipality is the village Gerani. Platanias is a popular tourism village with a beach, several hotels, restaurants and souvenir shops. Not far from the coast is the island of Agioi Theodoroi.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Platanias was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Kolymvari</p><br>
<p>Mousouroi</p><br>
<p>Platanias</p><br>
<p>Voukolies</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 491.780 km&sup2, the municipal unit 74.932 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>It lies within the Chania regional unit and is numbered 6 on the map of the Chania region. It is on the north coast, forming the eastern shore of Kissamos Bay (Kolpos Kissamou Kόλπος Κισσάμου), and the west and south shores of Chania Bay (Kolpos Chanion Κόλπος Χανίων). It is bordered by Kissamos (5) to the west, Kantanos-Selino (4) to the south, Chania (1) to the east, and Sfakia (7) in the southeast. Its northeast region is the Rodopos Peninsula (Chersonisos Rodopou Χερσόνησος Ροδωπού).</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Mount Selinda, at an altitude of 1,100 metres, is a village and mission station in the province of Manicaland in the eastern mountains of Zimbabwe. Located close to the Mozambique border, it lies in an area of outstanding natural beauty. Mount Selinda sits on an east-facing slope, on the very edge of the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve – the southern most tropical rainforest in Africa.</p><br>
<p>The dominant people of the area are the Ndau tribe, who claim close links with the Zulu tribe of South Africa. Their language is chiNdau. Most of them live by subsistence farming.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>For centuries, the local Ndau people have called the Mount Selinda area "Chirinda", meaning "lookout" or "vantage point", and certainly the etymology of this name becomes abundantly clear when standing on the western slopes of Mount Selinda, with sweeping views for miles around. The Shangani people to the south pronounced Chirinda as "Silinda" and the name "Selinda" is clearly an English corruption of the Shangani word.</p><br>
<p>The first mention of the name "Mount Selinda" appears to have been in the late nineteenth century when the land in the area was claimed by European settlers. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions approached Cecil John Rhodes of the British South Africa Company, seeking land on which to establish their mission. Rhodes himself granted them land in the Chirinda area, much of the land situated on an already-existing farm called Mount Selinda. Although there are no documents in the Deeds Office reflecting it, it would appear that a Mr. Steyn occupied the farm at the time and sold it to the mission for a sum of £300 (three hundred pounds).</p><br>
<p>In 1892 a Mr Wilder, Mr Bunker and Mr Thompson commenced the establishment of the Mount Silinda Mission (historically the name Silinda was adopted by the mission and the name Selinda was the name of the farm). But it was not until 1901 that the American Board Mission finally obtained legal possession of the farm Mount Selinda under Pioneer Title.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Selinda lies at the southern end of a mountain range which separates Zimbabwe from neighbouring Mozambique. This range, hundreds of kilometres long, runs in a north-south direction, with the Nyanga mountains lying at the northern extremity.</p><br>
<p>Mount Selinda itself consists of two large, densely forested hills which rise up from the mountain plateau, with the two hills possessing a gentle but distinct saddle between them.</p><br>
<p>No other high ground stands between Mount Selinda and the Indian Ocean some 400 kilometres away – a major factor influencing Mount Selinda&#39;s wet climate.</p><br>
<p>To the north east of Chirinda Forest lies the Ngungunyana Forest and eucalyptus plantation C.</p><br>
<p>To the east of Mount Selinda the land descends gradually down into Mozambique, while to the west of Mount Selinda the geography changes suddenly and dramatically. After some 30 km the mountain range plunges down to the flat, arid lowlands of the Sabi River Valley where, in searing summer temperatures of 40°C and higher, heat-tolerant baobab, acacia and mopane trees abound.</p><br>
<p>Only one tarred road, single track, potholed, and in a poor state of repair, penetrates the area, the other tarred roads having long since crumbled away. Numerous earth roads provide access from all directions.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of Mount Selinda is humid subtropical, being greatly influenced by warm, moist air originating from the Indian Ocean, moving west across Mozambique and condensing as it rises up into the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. As a result of this year-round moisture, Mount Selinda is evergreen and does not experience the arid winters found in the rest of southern Africa.</p><br>
<p>Mount Selinda&#39;s weather is also influenced by its proximity to Chirinda Forest – the forest acting as a sponge and holding vast quantities of moisture.</p><br>
<p>Summers are warm and humid and winters are cool and humid. Temperatures rarely rise beyond 30 degrees Celsius in summer and light frost can occur in the surrounding low-lying areas in winter.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the climate of Mount Selinda can be precisely and accurately described, actual available weather records for Mount Selinda are not comprehensive. From available information however, the following data may be gleaned.</p><br>
<h3>Rainfall</h3><br>
<p>Historical records beginning in 1911 (with a break during the 1970s) reveal an average yearly rainfall of almost 1,500 millimetres. The highest annual rainfall recorded during this period was 3,699 millimetres in a twelve-month period from 1917 to 1918, and the lowest rainfall recorded was 757 millimetres during a twelve-month period from 1940 to 1941. It must be emphasised that these are only rainfall figures and as such they do not include the vast quantities of precipitation which routinely descend upon Mount Selinda in the form of mist, fog, low cloud and heavy night-time dew.</p><br>
<p>Whilst a rain gauge (unfortunately sited in the lee of forest trees) is in use in the Chirinda Forest Campsite, and whilst there is a basic meteorological unit at the Mount Selinda High School, it is not clear whether any accurate weather data has been documented or made available to the public in Mount Selinda in more recent years.</p><br>
<p>A serious drought that affected the whole of Zimbabwe, including Mount Selinda, from 2013 finally ended with the onset of the rainy season at the end of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Phyllitic mudstones (phyllite being a fine-grained metamorphic rock) and fine-grained to medium-grained feldspathic sandstones lie atop an igneous base of dolerites, and it is from these dolerites that much of the soils in the area are formed. These soils are a rich red-brown, fine-grained, sandy clay which, in turn, are under-laid by ferralithic clay. The soils of the Mount Selinda area are typically deep and fertile.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Selinda area is home to a staggering array of indigenous African flora, fungi, birds, butterflies, insects and reptiles. This is mainly due to its position adjoining the Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve which is protected by law.</p><br>
<p>Among the hundreds of indigenous trees found in Mount Selinda are Red mahogany, Brown mahogany, Natal mahogany, Albizia, Forest Newtonia (Newtonia Buchananii), Big Leaf, White stinkwood, Chirinda stinkwood, Ironwood and colossal specimens of strangling figs. The largest Red Mahogany tree in southern Africa, a 1,000- to 2,000-year-old leviathan with a trunk diameter of some 6 metres stands at Mount Selinda.</p><br>
<p>Other smaller flora include thousands of specimens of the yucca-like Dracaena fragrans, numerous ferns, creepers, vines, epiphytes, montbretia, orchids and flame lilies.</p><br>
<p>Due to its proximity to the botanical reserve, Mount Selinda boasts a dazzling array of bird life, with Trumpeter hornbills, Livingstone&#39;s turaco, African pygmy kingfishers, Firefinches, Sunbirds, African green pigeons, Owls, Nightjars, Narina Trogon, Eagles and Bee-eaters.</p><br>
<p>The sheer variety and brilliant colours of butterflies in the area is also noteworthy.</p><br>
<p>Samango monkeys are often seen in the area.</p><br>
<p>The reptile population consists of, amongst others, pythons, cobras, vipers, mambas, adders, chameleons, geckos, skinks and lizards. The endemic chameleon Marshall&#39;s leaf chameleon, Rhampholeon marshalli, is found within the forest and at the forest margin and it is scattered sparsely in suitable forest habitat throughout the mountains of the Eastern Highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>Avocadoes, tea, bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, citrus, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, macadamia nuts and commercial timbers (eucalyptus, wattle and pine) are grown in the area.</p><br>
<p>Dairy farming has declined in recent years.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Formal education facilities are provided by the Mount Selinda Primary School, Mount Selinda Secondary School and the School of Nursing at the Mount Selinda Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Two kilometres to the west of Mount Selinda lies the small township of Chako, which is the nearest commercial centre comprising a post office, basic grocery shops, general dealers, a small market, butcher shops, carpenters and liquor outlets.</p><br>
<p>In the Chirinda Forest Nature Reserve there is tourist accommodation in the form of three thatched, serviced chalets and a camping site.</p><br>
<p>The single-track, tar road from the town of Chipinge to the north ends at Mount Selinda, with an earth road continuing eight kilometres to the Mount Selinda border post, which has immigration and customs facilities for those wishing to enter and exit Mozambique.</p><br>
<h2>Mission history</h2><br>
<p>In 1919 Emory Alvord, arrived at the Mount Selinda Mission and taught western farming methods to the local population. He also established the Nyanyadzi irrigation scheme in Zimbabwe&#39;s hot, lowland area. The United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe (UCCZ) also facilitated the establishment of the Nyanyadzi irrigation scheme.</p><br>
<p>The mission church was established and staffed by the American Board Mission and it had satellite churches at Beacon Hill, Emerald Hill and Muzite. The Mount Selinda Institute is a sister institution to the Chikore Mission ( -20.43694&deg; latitude, 32.49778&deg; longitude, approximately 30 km north west of Mount Selinda)</p><br>
<p>The Institute has historical monuments like the catapilla earth mover known by the locals as Gandapasi, the brick moulding machine and the first building constructed from bricks and tiles in the Melsetter district of Manicaland.</p><br>
<p>Today the Mission Station comprises a church, a primary school, a secondary school with boarding facilities, a farm, a grinding mill and the Willis F. Pierce Memorial Hospital which is also known as Mount Selinda Hospital. The boarding school accommodates both boys and girls. The Mission Hospital trains midwives and primary care nurses. In its grounds is situated the Daisy Dube Orphanage.</p><br>
<p>The New York Mountains are a small mountain range found in northeastern San Bernardino County in California, USA. The range&#39;s northeastern area lies in southeastern Nevada. The range lies just south of the small community of Ivanpah, and north of the Lanfair Valley. The mountains are part of the mountain ranges, cones, mountains, and landforms in the Mojave National Preserve. The mountains reach an elevation of 7,533 ft, and run in a mostly southwest-northeasterly direction between the Providence Mountains and the McCullough Range approximately five miles into Nevada and border the northwest corner of the Piute Valley of Nevada-California.</p><br>
<p>The New York Mountains are part of the southeast border of the Great Basin Divide. The Piute Wash Watershed empties eastward into the Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The New York Mountains are a southwest by northeast trending range, about 30 mi long with the northeast in Nevada. Searchlight, Nevada and Cal-Nev-Ari, Nevada lie to the northeast and east, respectively, across the Piute Valley. The Castle Mountains lie to the southeast with the Piute Range adjacent to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The northeast flowing Ivanpah Valley drains the northwest side of the New York Mountains with the Ivanpah Mountains across the valley to the northwest. The McCullough Range of Nevada lies adjacent to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Abbey Craig is the hill upon which the Wallace Monument stands, at Causewayhead, just to the north of Stirling, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The Abbey Craig is part of a complex quartz-dolerite intrusion or sill within carboniferous strata, at the western edge of the Central Coal Field, known as the Stirling Sill. The quartz-dolerite, being much harder than the surrounding coal measures, has been exposed due to erosion, including by glaciation. The characteristic crag and tail shape of the crag reflects this glacial shaping.</p><br>
<p>Craig, or crag, describes a post-glacial crag and tail landscape feature. The abbey is Cambuskenneth Abbey, on the north bank of the River Forth, about 1 km to the south.</p><br>
<p>The hill is the site of William Wallaces HQ ahead of the battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, which was part of the Scottish Wars of Independence. The hilltop was also defended during the Early Medieval Period, and features a vitrified hillfort, destroyed by fire in the 6th or 7th centuries AD and then refortified in 8th or 9th centuries AD, as demonstrated by two phases of archaeological excavation, the first by SUAT Archaeology in 2001 and the second by Murray Cook, Stirling Councils Archaeologist in 2012</p><br>
<p>The Tequendama Falls  is a 132 m high waterfall of the Bogotá River, located 32 km southwest of Bogotá in the municipality of Soacha. Established in approximately 10,000 BCE, El Abra and Tequendama were the first permanent settlements in Colombia. One of the country’s tourist attractions, the falls are located in a forested area 32 km west of Bogotá. The river surges through a rocky gorge that narrows to about 18 m at the brink of the 132 m high falls. During the month of December the falls become completely dry. The falls, once a common site for suicides, may be reached by road from Bogotá.</p><br>
<h2>Muisca origin</h2><br>
<p>The name Tequendama means in Chibcha: "he who precipitated downward".</p><br>
<p>According to the Muisca religion, the waterfall was created by the legendary hero Bochica, who used his staff to break the rock and release the water that covered the Bogotá savanna. According to another legend, during the Spanish conquest and evangelization of the Americas, in order to escape the new colonial order indigenous people of the area would jump off the Salto Del Tequendama and become eagles to fly to their freedom.</p><br>
<h2>Recovery of the Falls and its surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The river that feeds the falls is currently considered to be one of the most contaminated in the world.</p><br>
<p>"The Tequendama Falls has the dubious honour of being the largest wastewater falls in the world. Liquid wastes from the city are flushed untreated into the Bogotá River at the lower edge of the sabana, a few kilometres upstream of the Tequendama Falls. Downstream from Bogotá, the river is filled with sewage."</p><br>
<p>A historic hotel building, now a museum that overlooks the waterfall is undergoing restoration aided by the French government.</p><br>
<p>The Roman colony of Emerita Augusta  was founded in 25 BC by Augustus, to resettle emeriti soldiers discharged from the Roman army from two veteran legions of the Cantabrian Wars: Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina. The city was the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania.</p><br>
<p>Today the Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida is one of the largest and most extensive archaeological sites in Spain and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Roman theatre</h2><br>
<p>The theatre was built from 16 to 15 BC and dedicated by the consul Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was renovated in the late 1st or early 2nd century AD, possibly by the emperor Trajan, and again between 330 and 340 during Constantines reign, when a walkway around the monument and new decorative elements were added. With the advent of Christianity as Romes sole state religion, theatrical performances were officially declared immoral: the theatre was abandoned and most of its fabric was covered with earth, leaving only its upper tiers of seats (summa cavea). In Spanish tradition, these were known as "The Seven Chairs" in which it is popularly thought that several Moorish kings held court to decide the fate of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Roman amphitheatre</h2><br>
<p>The amphitheatre was dedicated in 8 BC, for use in gladiatorial contests and staged beast-hunts. It has an elliptical arena, surrounded by tiered seating for around 15,000 spectators, divided according to the requirements of Augustan ideology; the lowest seats were reserved for the highest status spectators. Only these lowest tiers survive. Once the games had fallen into disuse, the stone of the upper tiers was quarried for use elsewhere.</p><br>
<h2>Roman circus</h2><br>
<p>The circus of Emerita Augusta was built some time around 20 BC, and was in use for many years before its dedication some thirty years later, probably during the reign of Augustus successor, Tiberius. It was sited outside the city walls, alongside the road that connected Emeritus in Corduba (Córdoba) with Toletum (Toledo). The arena plan was of elongated U-shape, with one end semicircular and the other flattened. A lengthwise spina formed a central divide within, to provide a continuous trackway for two-horse and four-horse chariot racing. The track was surrounded by ground level cellae, with tiered stands above. At some 400m long and 100m wide, the Circus was the citys largest building, and could seat about 30,000 spectators &ndash; the citys entire population, more or less. Like most circuses throughout the Roman Empire, Méridas resembled a scaled-down version of Rome&#39;s Circus Maximus.</p><br>
<h2>Roman bridge over the Guadiana</h2><br>
<p>The bridge can be considered the focal point of the city. It connects to one of the main arteries of the colony, the Decumanus Maximus, or east-west main street typical of Roman settlements.</p><br>
<p>The location of the bridge was carefully selected at a ford of the river Guadiana, which offered as a support a central island that divides it into two channels. The original structure did not provide the continuity of the present, as it was composed of two sections of arches joined at the island, by a large Starling. This was replaced by several arcs in the 17th century after a flood in 1603 damaged part of the structure. In the Roman era the length was extended several times, adding at least five consecutive sections of arches so that the road is not cut during the periodic flooding of the Guadiana. The bridge spans a total of 792 m, making it one of the largest surviving bridges of ancient times.</p><br>
<h2>Los Milagros Aqueduct</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct was part of the supply system that brought water to Mérida from the Proserpina Dam located 5 km from the city and dates from the early 1st century BC.</p><br>
<p>The arcade is fairly well preserved, especially the section that spans the valley of the river Albarregas.</p><br>
<p>It is known by this name, because it seems a miracle that it was still standing.</p><br>
<h2>Rabo de Buey-San Lázaro Aqueduct</h2><br>
<p>This aqueduct brought water from streams and underground springs located north of the city; the subterranean part of the aqueduct is very well preserved but of the structure built to cross the Albarregas valley, there only survives three pillars and their arches next to the monument of the Roman circus and to another aqueduct of the 16th century, in which material was reused from the Roman aqueduct.</p><br>
<h2>Temple of Diana</h2><br>
<p>This temple is a municipal building belonging to the city forum. It is one of the few buildings of religious character preserved in a satisfactory state. Despite its name, wrongly assigned on its discovery, the building was dedicated to the Imperial cult. It was built in the late 1st century BC or early in the Augustan era. Later it was partly re-used for the palace of the Count of Corbos.</p><br>
<p>Rectangular, and surrounded by columns, it faces the front of the city&#39;s Forum. This front is formed by a set of six columns ending in a gable. It is mainly built of granite.</p><br>
<h2>Tiberius Arch</h2><br>
<p>An entrance arch, possibly to the provincial forum. It was located in the Cardo Maximus, one of the main streets of the city and connected it to the municipal forum.</p><br>
<p>Made of granite and originally faced with marble, it measures 13.97 meters high, 5.70 m wide and 8.67 m internal diameter. It is believed to have a triumphal character, although it could also serve as a prelude to the Provincial Forum. Immersed in the maze of modern construction and masked by nearby houses, this arch stands majestically and admired by travelers and historians of all times. Its name is arbitrary, as the commemorative inscription was lost centuries ago.</p><br>
<h2>Mithraeum House</h2><br>
<p>This building was found fortuitously in the early 1960s, and is located on the southern slope of Mount San Albín. Its proximity to the location of Mérida&#39;s Mithraeum led to its current name. The whole house was built in blocks of unworked stone with reinforced corners. It demonstrates the peristyle house with interior garden and a room of the famous western sector Cosmogonic Mosaic, an allegorical representation of the elements of nature (rivers, winds, etc.) overseen by the figure of Aion. The complex has been recently roofed and renovated.</p><br>
<p>As mentioned above, it is not considered the actual mithraeum but a domus. The remains of the mithraeum are uphill from it in a plot corresponding to a current bullring. This site has rendered prime examples of the remnants of Mithraism. According to professor Jaime Alvar Ezquerra of the Charles III University of Madrid, the oldest mithraeum artifacts are observed outside of Rome and Mérida "is at the head of the provincial places where the cult is encountered". These are currently located in the National Museum of Roman Art in Mérida, including the latest remains found in excavations as recently as 2003. He notes that some of the sculptures being discovered at the site are in very good condition, leading him to believe they were "hidden on purpose".</p><br>
<h2>Los Columbarios</h2><br>
<p>The Columbaria are two roofless funeral buildings, part of a necropolis outside the walls of the Roman city. Both are the best examples of funerary constructions in Emerita. The materials used for manufacturing of the building are unworked stone and granite for the seating. Both buildings have preserved their identifying epigraphs of the original families who owned them, (the Voconii and the Iulii).</p><br>
<p>Recently the area has been arranged as a promenade and park about the relation to death of Mérida inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Quotations of Epicurians and Stoics are displayed in panels, and tomb remains and trees are mixed with panels explaining Roman funeral rites. Two Roman mausoleums are also on the same site.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s this was the slum dwelling of a tin-worker&#39;s family.</p><br>
<p>The area is accessed through the House of the Mithraeum.</p><br>
<h2>Alcazaba</h2><br>
<p>Located next to the Roman bridge over the River Guadiana, it was built by Abd-er-Rahman II in 835 AD as a stronghold to control the city, which since 805 had rebelled continuously against the rule of the Emirate. The Alcazaba was the first Arab citadel on the Iberian Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>It is a complex construction, consisting of a large area of 130 square meters along each side, capable of accommodating a large number of troops. Inside is a wonderful reservoir for storing drinking water, which makes the building unique, consisting of an inexhaustible water supply (filtered from the Guadiana) that was accessed with a double passageway from the ground floor of a tower. At one end a convent for the Order of Santiago was built and is now the seat of the presidency of the Junta de Extremadura. Next to the Roman bridge another smaller room is attached, called the Alcazarejo, which controlled the river crossing the city.</p><br>
<h2>Santa Eulalia Basilica</h2><br>
<h2>Concatedral of Santa María La Mayor</h2><br>
<h2>Other sights and attractions</h2><br>
<p>Amphitheater House. So named because it stands next to the amphitheater. In reality it was found to be two houses: the "Water Tower House", and on the other hand, the actual "Amphitheatre House."</p><br>
<p>Archaeological site of Morerías. The name of this site refers to its previous existence as an Arab neighborhood. There are also Roman remains. Above it stands the Morerías avant-garde building, headquarters of several departments of the Junta de Extremadura.</p><br>
<p>Roman bridge over the river Albarregas. Its construction was made in the reign of Augustus, in order to save the river Albarregas before emptying into the river Guadiana to barely a few hundred yards downstream. From here started the Via de la Plata to Astorga. Is 145 meters long.</p><br>
<p>Forum Gate. Erected in the 1st century. It was restored in the last century based on some of the findings in the place, many of which are preserved in the National Museum of Roman Art. The monument consists of an arcaded building with a wall which is home to diverse niches for statues found here. It is located near the Temple of Diana in one of two forums held by Mérida: one local and one provincial located in the Cardus Maximus.</p><br>
<p>San Lázaro Roman Baths. These thermal springs are located in the San Lazaro Lineal Park, they were enjoyed by citizens of high rank who came to the events in the Roman Circus.</p><br>
<p>Roman Baths and snow pit in Reyes Huertas Street. Snow and cold water baths used by the Romans they are unique in the Roman Empire. It was also used for storage of perishable goods.</p><br>
<p>Crypt of Santa Eulalia, Located on the Santa Eulalia archaeological site in the basement of the Basilica of Santa Eulalia it is a very interesting site that describes the various vicissitudes suffered by this church from its construction to present day.</p><br>
<p>Santa Eulalia Obelisk. Built in the 17th century in honor of the martyr patroness of Mérida, being used in various building materials among them Roman pieces, including three cylindrical altars and a capital. Crowning the whole is the image of the martyr, in reworked judicial robes.</p><br>
<p>Xenodoquio. The only remnant of Visigothic architecture preserved in Spain that has no liturgical character. It was built by Bishop Mason in the second half of the 6th century. Near the Basilica of Santa Eulalia de Mérida, it served as a hospital and shelter for the pilgrims who came to venerate the remains of the child martyr, it was also used as a hospital for the poor of the city.</p><br>
<p>San Andrés Convent. Founded in 1571 by the Dominican Order of Santo Domingo. The main facade of the temple was showing patterns of action and framework of the city. There remains only the church and the main facade on which can be seen an image of Santo Domingo. Recent excavations at the site of the monastery have uncovered interesting archeological data that provide insights into the historical evolution of this part of the Old Town. The 3rd and 4th centuries feature a mosaic that decorated a Roman house located within the city walls. Visigothic has discovered one of the oldest churches in the city of San Andrés. During the Islamic period the site was occupied by a cemetery and from the 12th century are remains of a new wall that would enclose the Islamic city. With the arrival of the Christians in the 13th century, the former Visigothic church was restored, bringing with it a cemetery. Already in the 16th century the monastery was founded today.</p><br>
<p>Castellum aquae. Situated on top of Calvario Street, it was the end of the Aqueduct of Los Milagros and the principal water distribution point throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>Dolmen Lácara. National Monument since 1931. Situated on the outskirts of the city, it has a circular chamber of 5.10 meters in diameter, a corridor 20 meters long, and a mound of stones and earth covering the construction, with a height of 3.50 meters, an elliptical shape that reaches 35 meters at its axis.</p><br>
<p>Cornalvo and Proserpina Reservoirs. These can be found near Mérida and may be the oldest reservoirs in Spain: Swamp Nature Park Cornalvo and Proserpina Reservoir (a residential suburb of Mérida and place of leisure in summer has been constructed around them.) They have traditionally been considered of Roman origin, although some scholars now argue its medieval origins.</p><br>
<h2>Protected sites</h2><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<p>The Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse, often simply called the "Old Courthouse," was once the center of Vanderburgh County, Indiana government. Construction started in the spring of 1888 and was completed in November 1890. The building was ready to be occupied by the county government in early 1891. It sits in the heart of downtown Evansville.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect Henry W. Wolters of Louisville, Kentucky and constructed by the Charles Pearce & Company of Indianapolis. The 19th century German Beaux-Arts architecture masterpiece cost $379,450 to build. The Old Courthouse occupies an entire city block, bounded by Court, Fourth, Vine and Fifth Streets, with each side being encrusted with sculptures and stone carvings in Indiana limestone. The fourteen main statues of human figures are the work of Franz Engelsmann, who studied under the great German masters before setting up his studio in Chicago. In addition, carvings of vegetables, fruits, and flowers indigenous to the area adorn the capitals of the forty-eight pairs of pilasters around the entire building.</p><br>
<p>Before the courthouse was built, the site was a basin where canal boats on the Wabash and Erie Canal would deliver cargo and turn around for the return trip north. After the advent of the railroads and the canal&#39;s abandonment, the site was filled in and the courthouse was constructed upon it.</p><br>
<p>A tunnel runs beneath Vine Street connecting the Old Courthouse to the Old Vanderburgh County Jail.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>The tower</h3><br>
<p>The bell tower rises above the Old Courthouse to a height of 216 ft The first level of the tower is enclosed with windows which allow sunlight to enter. The next level is open and houses the 4,500 lb Old Courthouse bell. The bell, manufactured by McShane Bell Foundry located in Baltimore, Maryland, has tolled at the Old Courthouse since August 20, 1890. The next level is enclosed and houses only the pulleys and inner workings of the clock. The four faces of the clock, each measuring 7.5 ft in diameter with one facing each side of the building, are found on the final level of the tower. Finally, found on this level of the tower is a suspended staircase which winds to the top of the copper-clad central dome of the Old Courthouse; the base of the cupola sits atop the dome.</p><br>
<h3>Court Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>Protecting the Court Street entryway to the Old Courthouse is a great eagle with its wings widespread perched upon a shield, denoting not only the national emblem but a standard of the ancient Romans. Directly below the eagle are large Roman numerals carved into the limestone, showing the date when construction began. Facing the Old Courthouse, to the left sits the Goddess of Manufacturing and Industry who holds a hammer in her right hand, which rests upon an anvil, and the cogwheel of industry in her left. To her left side sits a locomotive depicting the mode of transportation prevalent at the time. To the right sits the Goddess of Agriculture resting her left hand on a plow and surrounded by symbols of the farm: a sheaf of grain, a hamper of vegetables, and a bee hive. Above the arches of the doorway proper are two cherubs. The one on the left is female as it is holding a nest, thus the care giver; the one on the right is male, holding a bow and quiver, hence the hunter.</p><br>
<h3>Fourth Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>High above the Fourth Street entryway to the Old Courthouse sits a grouping of three statues thought to represent the quest for knowledge and truth. The central figure wears a crown and holds a crusader&#39;s sword in her left hand while decidedly posturing her right hand on her leg. To her left is the only male statue on the building; he rests his right arm on a stack of books and holds in his left hand a tablet. To the right of the central figure is a statue who holds a torch in her right hand and rests her left arm also on a stack of books. Directly below this grouping is a carving of the Seal of the State of Indiana, depicting a wooded scene with a hunter and buffalo and encircled with giant oak leaves symbolizing distinction. Above the arches of the doorway proper are two muses, or Greek goddesses. Depicted to preside over music, the one on the left holds a harp in her right hand; depicted to preside over painting, the one on the right displays a palette in her left hand.</p><br>
<h3>Fifth Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>Similar to Fourth Street, a grouping of three statues thought to represent justice is found above the Fifth Street entryway to the Old Courthouse. The central figure holds the scales of justice in her left hand, with a staff in her right hand. The symbolism of the three raised fingers at the top of her staff as well as the serpent intertwined in her hair is unclear. The statue on the left holds a tablet in her left hand while the statue on the right holds a torch in her right hand. Directly below this grouping again is found the Seal of the State of Indiana, and there are muses above the doorway arches. The one on the left holds a mallet in her left hand and a bust in her right hand, presiding over sculpture. The one on the right holds a book in her left hand, presiding over literature. Although it does not date back to 1890, the revolving door for entering the Fifth Street side of the building is one of the oldest revolving doors remaining in use in Evansville.</p><br>
<h3>Vine Street entrance</h3><br>
<p>There are some noticeable similarities between the Vine Street entryway of the Old Courthouse and the Court Street side. The American eagle again perches atop this side of the building, and the Roman numerals reading 1888 are again found below the eagle. However, the goddesses on this side of the building are different from those sculpted on Court Street. Facing the building, to the left sits the Goddess of Commerce and River Trade whose left hand rests on the prow of a boat, a chain and an anchor. She is surrounded by symbols of the late 19th century riverfront such as bales, barrels, and crates. To the right sits the Goddess of Learning with scrolls at her feet and a tablet in her right hand. Another similarity to Court Street is found above the arches to the doorway proper with the cherubs representing male and female being sculpted again. However, their positions have been reversed with the male being on the left and the female on the right side of the arches.</p><br>
<p>Tasiilap Karra or Cape Gustav Holm  is a headland in eastern Greenland, Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<p>It was named after officer of the Danish Navy and Arctic explorer Gustav Holm (1849 – 1940).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Gustav Holm is located near the Arctic Circle on the shores of the Denmark Strait coast of the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Tasiilaq.</p><br>
<p>This cape is the southern end of a narrow mountainous peninsula east of the Ikersuak Fjord which extends in a NE/SW direction, rising to a height of 966 m. The islet of Nanertalik lies 1.2 km off a small projection on the shore 5 km northeast of the cape and Cape Buchholz is located a further 7 km to the northeast along the coast. The Northern K.J.V. Steenstrup Glacier has its terminus west of the cape.</p><br>
<p>Rondout Reservoir is part of New York Citys water supply network. It is located 75 miles  northwest of the city in the Catskill Mountains, near the southern end of Catskill Park, split between the towns of Wawarsing in Ulster County and Neversink in Sullivan County. It is the central collection point for the citys Delaware System, which provides half its daily consumption.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was made possible by the construction of Merriman Dam along Rondout Creek. Construction began in 1937 and ended in 1954, three years after the reservoir began delivering water. It would be the first of four built by the city to satisfy its growing demand in the years after World War II. Three villages &ndash; Lackawack, Montela and Eureka &ndash; were condemned and flooded in the process. The small settlement of Grahamsville remains in existence just west of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the citys Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) issued an advisory warning against eating more than one reservoir-caught smallmouth bass per month after mercury levels of 1.3 part per million (ppm), slightly above the federal standard of 1.0 ppm, were confirmed in three caught in the reservoir. Since there is no industry in the reservoirs vast watershed, this contamination is believed to be the result of acid rain from coal-fired power plants in the Midwest.</p><br>
<h3>Forged dam inspections controversy</h3><br>
<p>In 2006, after residents raised concerns regarding the soundness of both Merriman and Neversink dams following emergency repairs to Schoharie Dam, a local newspaper, the Times Herald-Record, obtained copies of weekly visual inspection reports for both and found that the handwriting and information relating to the appearance of the dams on weekly reports compiled by inspector Ronald Hewlett and initialed by section engineer Russell Betters over a three-year period were virtually identical, suggesting they had been routinely photocopied. The two were later suspended.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>The resulting body of water is a single basin 6.5 miles (9.7 km) long, 2,052 acres (8.2 km²) in area and reaches a maximum depth of 175 feet (53.3 m) near the dam. Mean depth is 73.8 feet (22.4 m). Elevation is 840 feet (256 m) above sea level.</p><br>
<p>It holds 49.6 e9USgal, which comes not only from the reservoirs own 95 square-mile (247 km²) watershed but from Cannonsville, Neversink, and Pepacton reservoirs via the Delaware and Neversink tunnels as well. Since those three are in the Delaware River watershed, Rondout is considered by the citys Department of Environmental Protection to be part of the Delaware system despite being firmly within the Hudson River watershed itself.</p><br>
<p>Combined, the four reservoirs account for 1,012 square miles (2,631.2 km²) of watershed and 320.4 e9USgal of capacity, 890 e6USgal of which goes to the city daily — 50% of the entire systems capacity. All this water is fed from the Rondout to West Branch Reservoir in Putnam County via the Delaware Aqueduct, the worlds longest continuous underground tunnel at 85 miles (136 km).</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreational use</h2><br>
<p>Rondout is easy to reach via road as routes 55 and 55A form a loop around it. However, access to the actual reservoir is tightly restricted and has been even more so since the September 11, 2001 attacks forced an increase in security.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is permitted in season with a DEP-issued permit in addition to the appropriate New York state license, and the reservoir is known, as are most Catskill fishing areas, for its trout. However boats are not allowed to leave the reservoir for environmental reasons and must be stored near it year round. Hunters with valid city and state permits may also use the lands around the reservoir where hunting is permitted during the season. Beyond those, however, no recreational use of the reservoir is permitted. While the land is not fenced off, the area is regularly patrolled by uniformed DEP police.</p><br>
<p>Ayvaini Cave is a show cave situated southeast of Lake Uluabat at the district border between Mustafakemalpaşa and Nilüfer in Bursa, Turkey. The cave has two entrances, one in the village Ayvaköy and the other between the villages Doğanalan and Kazanpınar. It is named after the nearby village Ayvaköy.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to enter the cave at one entrance and leave it from the other. Generally, the cave is entered through its upper entrance in Doğanalanı, where it starts with a 17 m descent. The otherwise horizontally developed cave has a length of 5.5 km, which makes it the longest in southern Marmara Region and the sixth longest in Turkey. The Mesozoic era-constituted cave features dripstone formations such as stalagmites, stalactites, pillars, wall and drapery dripstones, leakage stones, and around 60 pools and ponds of size 3 -. At the exit, the cave features a 400 m-long lake. The water level of the ponds and the lake varies depending on seasonal effects.</p><br>
<p>The cave was discovered by a team of three Spanish people in 1970. Ayvaini Cave is open to public since 2008.</p><br>
<p>The East Block  is one of the three buildings on Canadas Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario, containing offices for parliamentarians, as well as some preserved pre-Confederation spaces.</p><br>
<p>Built in the Victorian High Gothic style, the East Block is, along with the Library of Parliament, one of only two buildings on Parliament Hill to have survived mostly intact since original construction. Though not as renowned as the Centre Block of parliament, the East Block formerly appeared on the face of the Journey Series design of the Canadian hundred-dollar bill. The East Block is open to the public for tours in July and August.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The main historic spaces in the East Block are restored to reflect the period around 1872. The former office of the Governor General of Canada contains its original furnishings, and the woodwork, fireplace, and plasterwork are finished as they would have been just a decade after Confederation. The office that had been occupied by Sir John A. Macdonald contains a blue-grey Arnprior marble mantle, and the Prime Ministers furniture occupies the room. The previous Queens Privy Council for Canada chamber holds a reproduction of the original table made at Upper Canada Village, above which hangs the same chandelier that hung there before the Second World War.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Department of Public Works sent out on 7 May 1859 a call for architects to submit proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill, which was answered by 298 submitted drawings. After the entries were narrowed down to three, then Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winner was announced on 29 August. The departmental buildings, Centre Block, and a new residence for the governor general were each awarded separately, and the team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the first category.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the East Block commenced by the end of 1859, at the same time as work on the Centre Block and Stent and Lavers West Block began. By the time it was completed in 1866, the building was four years behind schedule and costs had risen to $706,549, when $150,000 had originally been allocated. As the home of the office of the governor general and the offices for all the Cabinet ministers, the East Block was immediately occupied by the Viscount Monck and his prime minister, John A. Macdonald, who occupied the room at the south west corner of the second floor; the same room was also used by Lester B. Pearson when he was Secretary for External Affairs. George-Étienne Cartier used an office at the northern end of the west wing, which was thereafter used by every prime minister until Pierre Trudeau. The Queens Privy Council chamber was used for cabinet meetings for 105 years, and was where the British North America Act 1867 was formulated, decisions about the Red River Rebellions were made, and Canada&#39;s war involvement was orchestrated. As the number of staff on Parliament Hill grew with the expansion of the country, however, ever more office space was desired; in 1910 a new wing was added to the rear of the East Block, enclosing the courtyard, providing area for the Civil Service and vault space, and costing $359,121.</p><br>
<p>In the East Blocks early days, the wives of ministers and senior staff attended tea in the building each Thursday afternoon, and other socializing took place outside of the working hours of 10am to 4pm. As well, governors general held their annual New Years Levee in the building from 1870 until the Marquess of Willingdon moved the event to the Centre Block in 1928. Though the building contained many examples of the cutting edge technology of the time, such as a system of electric bells for communications, and state of the art sanitary, ventilation, and heating equipment, its spaces were continually chilly in winter and overheated in summer; during World War I, the external air intakes were closed off for fear of German spies entering them. Thereafter, the East Block showed more and more decay, which was further exacerbated by crude renovations and interventions during the Modernist period, and, at several points, the idea of demolishing the building in favour of a modern office block was put forward.</p><br>
<p>However, restoration of some interiors began in 1966, seeing Macdonalds office and the privy council chamber returned to an 1870 appearance, and after which the public was allowed entry for a few hours each weekend. Another spurt of renovations were completed in 1981, wherein the governor generals former office was restored, and then the mechanical and electrical systems, and the masonry of the 1910 wing, which had never previously been worked on, were renovated in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the restoration of the Parliamentary precinct originally called for the temporary relocation of the Senate chamber to the inner courtyard of the East Block. However, the revised plan will see the Senate chamber housed in the former Union Station, currently the Government Conference Centre, after renovations are completed to that building in 2018.</p><br>
<p>Bandana Square is now an office center but was originally designed to be an enclosed shopping center in the Energy Park neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota. The site is in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex opened in 1984 after the former Northern Pacific Railway&#39;s Como Locomotive Shops were converted into what was to be a large festival marketplace and hotel complex. Richard Faricy FAIA, the architect, would later recount that it was a remarkable project from the start. The financing and cooperation came from everyone—the railroads, the government, and even private grants.</p><br>
<p>A Best Western hotel and conference center remains at Bandana Square. When Bandana originally opened, the complex was home to several restaurants such as the successful Dakota Jazz Club and Restaurant. The Dakota moved to Downtown Minneapolis in 2003. The Dinos Greek fast-food chain, formerly known as Dinos Gyros, also had its first year-round restaurant at Bandana Square (previously, the company had only set up stands at the Minnesota State Fair and other events).</p><br>
<p>The center was purchased by the Saint Paul based Wilder Foundation in 1983 for $17 million.</p><br>
<h2>Museums</h2><br>
<p>The Minnesota Children&#39;s Museum was located in a building close to Bandana Square from 1985 until 1995 when it moved to Downtown Saint Paul, taking with it many visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Twin City Model Railroad Museum was located in Bandana Square from 1984 until 2016 when it moved to a new St. Paul location. The museum was the last remaining tenant from the original renovations of the facility into a shopping and entertainment district.</p><br>
<p>Plas Newydd is a country house set in gardens, parkland and surrounding woodland on the north bank of the Menai Strait, in Llanddaniel Fab, near Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Anglesey, Wales. The current building has its origins in 1470, and evolved over the centuries to become one of Anglesey&#39;s principal residences. Owned successively by Griffiths, Baylys and Pagets, it became the country seat of the Marquesses of Anglesey, and the core of a large agricultural estate. The house and grounds, with views over the strait and Snowdonia, are open to the public, having been owned by the National Trust since 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its earliest known resident in 1470, Plas Newydd passed by inheritance and marriage through 500 years of a family&#39;s increasing concentration of wealth, titles and estates, until the 7th Marquess of Anglesey presented it to the National Trust, so that the house and grounds could be opened to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The house site was first occupied in the 13th century, and was known as Llwyn-y-Moel. By 1470 it belonged to the Griffith family, who also owned Penrhyn Castle near Bangor. Gwilym ap Griffith had acquired substantial Anglesey holding from his marriage to Morfydd, daughter of Goronwy ap Tudur of Penmynydd. Robert Griffith built the earliest parts of the current house in the early 16th century, creating a hall-house.</p><br>
<h3>Bagnall and Bayly families</h3><br>
<p>In 1533 Ellen Griffith married Nicholas Bagenal and they took possession of what was still known as Llwyn-y-Moel. Their granddaughter Ann married Lewis Bayly, Bishop of Bangor. It was Lewis Bayly who made the first major additions to the house, and was the first to call it Plas Newydd (Welsh for New Hall). The Baylys lived in Plas Newydd, along with other estates, particularly in Ireland, and Lewiss grandson Edward Bayly acquired an Irish baronetcy in 1730, when he was styled Baronet of Plas Newydd in the County of Anglesey and Mount Bagenall in the County of Down. Lewiss great-grandson Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet married Caroline Paget in 1737, and became Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey in 1761, a position his family would fill for the next 100 years. Their son, Henry, was to be the beneficiary of substantial inheritances from both sides of the family.</p><br>
<h3>Bayly to Paget</h3><br>
<p>Born in 1744 as Henry Bayly, he succeeded, through his mother, to the title and estates of the Barony of Paget in 1769, on the death of Henry Paget, 8th Baron Paget and Earl of Uxbridge, a distant cousin on his mothers side. As 9th Baron Paget, Henry Bayly took possession of the Beaudesert estates in Staffordshire, and changed his surname to Paget. (Unlike the Barony, the Earldom could not pass through the female line, so the Earldom of Uxbridge became extinct.) In 1782 his father died, which added "3rd Baronet" to his titles, and Plas Newydd to his estates. He also took over as Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey. In 1784 he was created Earl of Uxbridge as a second creation of that Earldom. Plas Newydd had been extended in the middle of the 18th century, with an octagonal tower at the south-east corner, but under Henrys care there were substantial additions and rebuilding throughout the estate, especially with the appointment of James Wyatt and Joseph Potter as architects.</p><br>
<h3>Earls of Uxbridge to Marquesses of Anglesey</h3><br>
<p>Plas Newydd itself was greatly altered in the 18th century by James Wyatt, who refaced it, blended the towers into the building front, and made it into substantially the building that stands today. He also had constructed the large Gothic style stable block which is now part of the Conway Centre, and various lodges and gateways were also constructed. In 1812 Henry died, and the estate passed to his son Henry William Paget, who became the 2nd Earl of Uxbridge. Henry William had raised a regiment of volunteers in the 1790s, was commissioned into the Army in 1795, and distinguished himself in numerous engagements and campaigns across Europe. By 1802 he was a major-general, and in 1815 was appointed cavalry commander, leading a spectacular charge of the British heavy cavalry at the Battle of Waterloo. In recognition of his heroism he was created the first Marquess of Anglesey, although he lost a leg from one of the last cannon shots of the day. The following year the 27 metre column was raised in his honour, sited to the north of Plas Newydd.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century the 5th Marquess inherited the family seat, which he renamed Anglesey Castle. Renowned for his lavish spending and flamboyant lifestyle, he converted the family chapel inside the house into a performance space called the Gaiety Theatre. Plays were put on regularly, with "the Dancing Marquess" often taking the lead role himself. The 5th Marquesss extravagant spending drained the family fortune, and after his death in 1905, 6th Marquess began to sell off assets to help restore the solvency of the family. The family also sold off their main home at Beaudesert and their London house, and moved into Plas Newydd permanently. The 6th Marquess made the final big changes to the house by removing the crenellations from the roof, disposing of the theatre, knocking three servants rooms together to make the dining room and covering over a courtyard to provide a roof for the servants. In the 1930s the artist Rex Whistler was a regular visitor to Plas Newydd. He painted numerous portraits of Lady Caroline Paget, and in 1936-38 painted the largest canvas painting in the UK. It is a trompe-l&#39;oeil seascape painting that fills a whole wall of the dining room with an imagined scene of Italianate churches, castles, Snowdonian mountains and a complete harbour wall, with tricks of perspective that mean the scenes appear to change when seen from different parts of the room.</p><br>
<p>The house has been owned by the National Trust since 1976. There is now a tearoom and a second-hand bookshop, and historical cruises along the Menai start from the house. The first Marquess&#39;s artificial leg is part of an exhibition.</p><br>
<h2>HMS Conway</h2><br>
<p>In 1949 the training ship HMS Conway was moored in the Menai Strait near Plas Newydd. The ship was supported from the small dock in the grounds of the estate. The ship was wrecked after running aground in 1953, and the school built temporary facilities in the grounds near the current reception centre. These were used for teaching and housing the senior cadets. The younger cadets were accommodated in the eastern wing of the house. The former stables building was used for teacher accommodation, classrooms and a laboratory. These arrangements continued until 1964 when the entire school moved into a new purpose-built building in the grounds of the estate. The school was closed in 1974 but the buildings and the grounds were subsequently acquired by Cheshire County Council. It was renamed the Conway Centre and is now managed by a stand-alone organisation, Quality Learning Partners, with the support of Cheshire West and Chester Council, and is used as an outdoor adventure centre.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>The house contains Rex Whistler’s largest painting, measuring 58 by.</p><br>
<p>The 7th Marquess of Anglesey retained rooms at the house until his death in July 2013. Lady Rose McLaren grew up at the house along with the 7th Marquess - her brother. The 8th Marquess no longer lives at the house.</p><br>
<p>At the house there is also a military museum which contains campaign relics belonging to the 1st Marquess of Anglesey, mementos of the Battle of Waterloo and the Anglesey Leg.</p><br>
<h2>Parkland and gardens</h2><br>
<p>The house is set within an outstanding park, landscaped at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The design included input from Humphry Repton, and his trademark Red Book of before and after landscape views is still extant. With its extensive waterside site, superb location, and views of the Menai Strait and Snowdonia, it is the only Anglesey site to be classed as Grade I in the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. It is within the Anglesey Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and is within an Environmentally sensitive area.</p><br>
<p>In January 2010, the grounds became the first part of North Wales to be included in Google Street View, thanks to a scheme to include National Trust properties by using the Google Trike where vehicular access is limited.</p><br>
<h2>Scheduled monuments</h2><br>
<p>There are two prehistoric scheduled monuments on the site. Neither of them is directly accessible to the public, although they can both be seen. The two monuments formed a single entry in the first Ancient Monuments Act in 1882, and so, along with two other Welsh monuments, were among the first to receive legal protection.</p><br>
<p>Plas Newydd Burial Chambers are two adjoining stone chambers of a Neolithic burial cairn or cromlech. They stand on private lawns in front of the house.</p><br>
<p>Bryn-yr-Hen-Bobl Burial Chamber ("Hill of the old people") is a substantial mound with a stone chamber, to the south of the parkland. Bones were found here in 1754. It was excavated by W J Hemp in 1929-35, and Neolithic pottery appeared to lie under and in front of the mound, suggesting a settlement predating its use as a burial site. The chamber was given a doorway following the dig, but is not accessible to the public. It is visible from the southern edge of Garden Wood.</p><br>
<h2>Listed buildings on Plas Newydd Estate</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Grade I listed main house, Plas Newydd had a vast estate covering 3,848 hectare including outlying properties. The main estate lands stretched from the Grand Lodge in the north to Llanedwen in the south, taking in further listed buildings and structures in the estate grounds.</p><br>
<h3>North of the House</h3><br>
<h3>East of the House</h3><br>
<p>Grade II listed retaining wall built between 1796 and 1819, probably designed by Wyatt and Potter for Lord Uxbridge. Although always an ornamental feature, it sets a distinctly military tone to the sea wall. The five cannons (trunnion Carronades) date from around 1830-45, and are from Fort Belan, at the southeastern tip of the Menai. Lord Newborough gave them as a wedding present to Lord and Lady Anglesey in 1948.</p><br>
<h3>West of the House</h3><br>
<h3>Llanedwen, south of the House</h3><br>
<p>Parts of the settlement of Llanedwen, including the church, lie within the parkland of Plas Newydd. Home Farm, Plas Llanedwen and the Church have two entrance gateways and lodge buildings, off the road that forms the estate&#39;s south-western boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heat source</h2><br>
<p>The National Trust has invested £600,000 in a marine source heat pump to provide heating for the house. At 300 kilowatts, the pump is the biggest in Britain. Its oil-fired boiler made the mansion the most polluting and biggest oil consumer of the National Trust&#39;s properties; the renovation is expected to save around £40,000 a year in operating costs. Plas Newydd is one of five properties in a pilot experiment; if they succeed, the National Trust will invest in 43 more renewable energy plans. The pilot programme includes: biomass in Croft Castle in Herefordshire, a woodchip boiler in Ickworth in Suffolk, and hydroelectric projects in Hafod y Porth near Craflwyn in Snowdonia, and at Stickle Ghyll in the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Snåsavatnet  is Norway&#39;s sixth-largest lake, with an area of approximately 120 km&sup2;. The surface is only 24 m above sea level. Snåsavatnet is located in the municipalities of Steinkjer and Snåsa in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The villages of Følling and Sunnan lie at the southwestern end of the lake and the village of Snåsa lies at the northeastern end of the lake. European route E6 runs along the northern shore of the lake and the Nordland Line runs along the southern shore.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 40 km long and on average about 3 km wide. The lake was created by glacial erosion. As is seen on a map, the lake looks like an extension of the Trondheimsfjord. The outlet is the river Byaelva, which empties into the Beitstadfjorden (an arm of the Trondheimsfjord) in the city of Steinkjer.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Club is a social club at 156 State Street in Portland, Maine.</p><br>
<h2>Services and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Club is located in the Hunnewell-Shepley Mansion, on the south side of State Street, between Pine and Spring Streets, on the east side of Portlands West End. The Federal style mansion was built in 1805 to a design by Alexander Parris, with later Colonial Revival updates by John Calvin Stevens. It has housed the club since 1921. The building is an important local work by Parris, a Boston architect who, under the direction of Joseph Ingraham, helped to define much of Portlands skyline with his beautiful structures. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Club holds many meetings of social and political interest. The mansion itself is home to many paintings and antiques that are original to the club, along with over 12 antique mahogany pool tables on the second floor. The Portland Club has a history of being on the top for all of the social events in Portland, as well as having the history of being one of the first clubs to bring women into the organization as The Woman&#39;s Portland Club.</p><br>
<p>The Club currently hosts seasonal dinner meetings with lectures, brunches, and various social events while maintaining the integrity of 19th century elegance. As exclusive caterer for The Portland Club, The Black Tie Co. creates numerous social and corporate events each year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Club began in 1886 as Fred N. Dow and a group of influential friends decided to organize their informal gatherings into a club. The mens purpose was to "discuss current events," and though never part of the by-laws, to promote the Republican Party agenda. Because Republicans controlled Maines government, the club was widely recognized as the de facto seat of political power for decades. The club acquired the mansion in 1921 and has been the home of The Portland Club ever since.</p><br>
<p>Pennypack Creek is a 22.6 mi creek in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs southeast through lower Bucks County, eastern Montgomery County and the northeast section of Philadelphia, before emptying into the Delaware River.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The creek draws its name from the Lenape word pënëpèkw meaning "downward-flowing water" or "deep, dead water; water without much current." Early cartographers gave various spellings for the name, including Pennishpaska, La Riviere de Pennicpacka, and Pennishpacha Kyl. In early Swedish patents it was called Pemipacka. Thomas Holme called it Dublin Creek, while in later maps it is called Pennypack and Pennepack.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Pennypack creek was first surveyed by Thomas Holme in 1687. The creek begins in two branches, one in Horsham, the other in Warminster, joining in Bryn Athyn. The creek then flows through Lower Moreland, Abington and Northeast Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h2>Early use as an industrial waterway</h2><br>
<p>Pennypack Creek was once the site of several mills. When William Penn founded the province of Pennsylvania in 1682, the Pennypack valley was occupied by Swedish colonists, who continued to live as English settlement began.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to parkland</h2><br>
<p>With the development of steam power in the Industrial Revolution, water power&#39;s influence on industry declined. As a result, many of the mills on the Pennypack closed, and by 1905 the land around it was acquired by the city for parkland. The creek now runs through Pennypack Park in Philadelphia and Lorimer Park in Montgomery County.</p><br>
<p>Segments of park trail help form the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile long trail system connecting Maine to Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridges</h2><br>
<p>Several historic bridges cross Pennypack Creek and its tributaries.</p><br>
<p>The Frankford Avenue Bridge, a triple-span stone-arch bridge built in 1697, carries Frankford Avenue. It is the oldest stone bridge in the United States still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Fetters Mill Road Bridge, a Pratt through-truss bridge built in 1883, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Krewstown Road Bridge, a stone arch bridge built in 1800 and rehabilitated 1907, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Holme Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge built in 1918, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt Boulevard Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge built in 1920, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Holme Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge across Wooden Bridge Run built in 1921, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Ryan Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge over Sandy Run built in 1929, is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Rhawn Street Bridges, two closed-spandrel concrete arches bridge built in 1930, are still in use.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward is a former United States Army coastal artillery fort, and later, a Navy installation located on the southwest side of Bainbridge Island, Washington, along Rich Passage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>During the 1880s, the Endicott Board, convened by Secretary of War William C. Endicott made sweeping recommendations for new or upgraded coastal defense installations and weapons systems. As the 20th century approached, American military strategists realized that heavy, fixed artillery required a very different training program than lighter, mobile field artillery.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward was originally known as Beans Point and was established in 1890, as one of several US Army Coastal Artillery Corps installations, including Fort Flagler, Fort Casey and Fort Worden, built to defend Puget Sound from enemy warships. Its primary objective was to protect the nearby Bremerton Naval Shipyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the Army officially designated Beans Point as a seacoast fort and named it Fort Ward in honor of Colonel George H. Ward. Activity in and around the fort continued as new buildings were constructed and new troops arrived.</p><br>
<p>The coastal artillery batteries located at Fort Ward were:</p><br>
<p>Battery Nash (1903–1918), three 8 in M1888 guns mounted on disappearing carriages, hidden along the bluff, now on private property</p><br>
<p>Battery Warner (1903–1925), two 5 in M1900 pillar mounted guns, now on private property and surrounded by modern homes</p><br>
<p>Battery Thornburgh (1903–1920), four 3 in M1898MI masking parapet mounted guns</p><br>
<p>Battery Vinton (1903–1920), two 3-inch M1898MI masking parapet mounted guns.</p><br>
<p>Battery Vinton is one of four batteries at Fort Ward. It had two 3" model guns. These guns, along with the other batteries, guarded an underwater mine field placed across Rich Passage. The guns were removed on July 19th, 1920 – never having been fired for defense, and were to be shipped to France for use in WWI.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Fort Ward was placed on inactive status, but a small number of men were still stationed there. In 1928, the fort was essentially left abandoned. The fort remained abandoned for several years, until 1935, it served as a state-operated fresh air camp for inner city children from Seattle.</p><br>
<h3>Before and during World War II</h3><br>
<p>In 1938, the USA Navy took over Fort Ward from the USA Army, and confiscated several surrounding properties and evicted the owners. The USA Navy found the fort to be attractive after tests had shown that it was an outstanding location to eavesdrop on radio communication transmitted from the Far East, chiefly Japan. In August 1939, the USA Navy relocated the Astoria, Oregon intercept site to Fort Ward. This was the beginning of the development of Fort Ward as a top-secret military listening post.</p><br>
<p>In August 1940, the USA Navy had five sites with diplomatic targets which were all linked directly, or indirectly through USA Army communication circuits, to Washington, D.C. via radio and landline communications. These sites were Winter Harbor, Maine; Amagansett, New York; Cheltenham, Maryland; Jupiter, Florida; and Fort Ward—Bainbridge Island, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Rhombic antennas were installed on the Parade Ground, and the old post exchange/gymnasium building was converted into a top secret listening post code-named "Station S". Inside "Station S", men and women worked 24 hours a day, listening in on Japanese naval communications, which were transmitted in the Japanese Morse Code. This building is now a private home.</p><br>
<p>The listening post activities were so top secret that personnel on the base were instructed not to look at the building when they walked by it.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the Navy developed a "cover story" for what was happening at Naval Radio Station Bainbridge Island. The story—that it was one of the few Naval Reserve Radio Schools in the nation—received a full page of coverage in the Seattle Times on January 11, 1941. Some of the sailors pictured in the article actually worked at "Station S" after their training. Photos show the sailors copying Morse code in a classroom, setting up a Morse Code-sending machine, and marching from their school building to noon mess.</p><br>
<p>In March 1941, a commercial teletype line between the installations at Winter Harbor, Maine, Amagansett, New York, and Fort Ward was inaugurated. Communications between Washington, D.C. and its far-flung resources in the Pacific continued to be primitive. Messages and intercept logs, reports and professional correspondence, if classified, were painstakingly enciphered by the radio intelligence officer himself using special equipment and instructions. If transmitted as messages on manual Morse code circuits or landlines, they were delivered to the communications center where they were again enciphered. The Fort Ward command also oversaw the construction of the Navy&#39;s largest radio transmitter at Battle Point, with a tower 300 feet taller than the Space Needle. This was used to send messages to Navy Command at Pier 91 in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The first chapter of David Kahn&#39;s book tells about how "Station S" intercepted the communication from Tokyo to the Japanese Ambassador that instructed him to break off negotiations just before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, a submarine net was placed across Rich Passage.</p><br>
<p>In November 1942, Fort Ward also assumed control of naval intelligence assignments previously tasked to the Royal Canadian Navy.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the USA Navy radio station operations consisted of:</p><br>
<p>Supplementary Station (School, D/F and Intercept), Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Wash.</p><br>
<p>Naval Radio Transmitting Station, Bainbridge Island, Wash. (located at Battle Point)</p><br>
<p>USA Naval Radio Direction Finder Station, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Wash.</p><br>
<p>Naval Training School (Radio-Special), Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Wash.</p><br>
<p>Naval Radio Activities, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Wash.</p><br>
<p>Supplementary Radio Station, Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Wash.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, personnel on the base (which was transferred back to the USA Army in 1956) continued to listen in on radio transmissions—first Korean and then Soviet. Activity continued at the radio station until 1956.</p><br>
<h3>Post World War II</h3><br>
<p>The USA Army abandoned all operations in 1958. Upon this second deactivation, the Washington State Park System negotiated for acquisition of part of the fort in 1960, which became Fort Ward State Park. In 2011, it was transferred to the Bainbridge Island Metro Park & Recreation District and became Fort Ward Park. The naval radio transmitting station located at Battle Point was deactivated on March 31, 1959, and the equipment was removed in 1971. The location is now Battle Point Park, administered by the Bainbridge Island Metro Park & Recreation District.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, some of the buildings have been converted into homes, and the area, the parade ground of the community of Fort Ward has been designated a National Historic Site, the only one of its kind on Bainbridge Island. Many of the homes are also listed on the City of Bainbridge Island&#39;s Historic Register.</p><br>
<p>The Acre River  is a 680 km long river in central South America.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river is born in Peru, and runs North-Eastwards, forming part of the border between Bolivia and Brazil. It runs through the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas before eventually running into the Purus River at Boca do Acre. It runs along the Bolivian frontier and flows northeastward to a junction with the Purus at 8° 45 South latitude. The name is also applied to a district situated on the same river and on the former boundary line of 1867, between Bolivia and Brazil. This regions area is estimated at about 60,000 square miles.</p><br>
<p>It is navigable from the mouth until the Xapuri River (480 km), even farther in the wet season from January until May. The river was an important transportation artery at the end of the 19th century due to newly discovered rubber tree forests.</p><br>
<p>The Rio Acre Ecological Station lies in the municipalities of Assis Brasil and Sena Madureira in the state of Acre, Brazil.</p><br>
<p>It contains Amazon forest bounded to the north by an Indian reservation and to the south by the Acre River.</p><br>
<p>It was created to preserve the headwaters of the Acre River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region was settled by Peruvians between 1870 and 1878, but was invaded by Brazilian rubber collectors during the next decade (during the rubber boom) and became tributary to the rubber markets of Iquitos, Manaus and Pará. In 1899, the Bolivian government established a custom-house at Puerto Alonso, on the Acre river, for the collection of export duties on rubber, which precipitated a conflict with the Brazilian settlers, and finally brought about a boundary dispute between the two republics. In July 1899 the "Acreanos" declared their independence and set up a republic of their own, but in the following March they were reduced to submission by Brazil. Various disorders followed until Brazil decided to occupy Puerto Alonso with a military force. The boundary dispute was finally settled at Petropolis on November 17, 1903, through the purchase by Brazil of the rubber-producing territory, south to about the ninth parallel.</p><br>
<p>Lake Otún  is a small lake in the Nevados National Park, in the Risaralda department of Colombia. It located at an altitude of 3,900 m and has an area of 1.5 square kilometres. The lake is of glacial origin and is fed by meltwaters of the Nevado Santa Isabel. Lake Otún is the source of the Otún River, which supplies drinking water to the cities of Pereira and Dosquebradas.</p><br>
<p>Lake Otún is an important breeding ground for several threatened or endangered bird species, including the Colombian torrent duck (Merganetta armata columbiana), the Colombian ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis andina), the Andean teal (Anas andium) and the Andean snipe (Gallinago jamesoni).</p><br>
<p>Lake Otún contains a large population of rainbow trout, introduced for recreational fishing and a major attraction for visitors to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Étang de Vaccarès is a lake, or rather; a salt water lagoon , in the wetlands of the Camargue in the delta of the River Rhône in southern France.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 65 km², and the depth is less than two meters. It is the northernmost, and also the largest of the lakes of the Camargue, and constitutes the principal element in the water control system of the Rhône delta, which depends upon a strict management of water resources, through pumping, irrigation and draining stations making a complex network of channels throughout the river delta.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also an important place for rest and food for migratory birds, and it also has a population of the greater flamingo. Because of its importance for wild birds, the Étang de Vaccarès with its surrounding wetlands has been protected as a nature reserve since 1927, and in 1972 it was incorporated into the Parc Régional de Camargue.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Even though the lake is «protected», it is nevertheless exposed to the repercussions of pollution from the large industrial parks nearby, and runoff from the surrounding agricultural areas. Studies show that fish from the lake contains significant levels of contamination.</p><br>
<p>Greenwood Lake is an interstate lake approximately seven miles  long, straddling the border of New York and New Jersey. It is located in Greenwood Lake, New York  and West Milford, New Jersey .</p><br>
<p>The lake was originally called "Quampium" by the Munsee Native Americans who lived there. It was renamed "Long Pond" by Europeans, who settled the area in the 18th century for farming and ironmaking, and eventually came to be re-christened "Greenwood Lake."</p><br>
<p>It was dammed up ca. 1765 by Peter Hasenclever of The American Company to increase the size of the lake for water power used downstream at the Long Pond Ironworks. The original dam was located even with is today&#39;s Fox Island, with most of the lake extending north of the state line. In 1837, the lake was again dammed, but at the location of the current dam, this time by the Morris Canal & Banking Company to supply water to the Pompton Feeder of the Morris Canal. The enlarged lake now flooded the Succor Brook at the northern end, forming the East Arm, surrounded "Lime Ridge" to create Chapel Island, and flooded the extreme southern end, including parts of Belcher Creek.</p><br>
<p>The enlarged lake began to attract tourists. The Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railway reached the lake at Awosting around 1874, and the "State Line" (later Sterling Forest) depot was established around 1876. (This railway later became the New York and Greenwood Lake Railway, and then the Greenwood Lake Division of the Erie Railway.) During its resort era, several steamboats operated on the lake, including the Greenwood Lake Transportation Company&#39;s Arlington, Milford, and their side-wheeler, Montclair, built in 1876, which had two decks and is reported to have been capable of carrying from 200 to 400 passengers. There were also other steamers that were privately run, such as the Pioneer and the Anita, and smaller steam launches, such as the Wilhemina, the Carrie T., and the Ferncliff, run by specific hotels. These steamboats met the trains and took passengers to the various resorts around the lake in both states.</p><br>
<p>There is a seaplane area on the lake, a few large marinas and lakeside restaurants with docks. Greenwood Lake Airport just south of the lake has a runway long enough to handle small jets.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous marinas and restaurants along Greenwood Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the film "The Magic of Bell Isle" starring Morgan Freeman was filmed along the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Works about the lake</h2><br>
<p>Jasper Francis Cropsey created several paintings of Greenwood Lake beginning in 1843. Cropsey painted many paintings of the area such as American Harvesting (1864), Greenwood Lake (1870), Fisherman&#39;s House, Greenwood Lake (1877), and Cooley Homestead&ndash;Greenwood Lake (1886). Cropsey met and married Maria Cooley, daughter of Issac P. Cooley, in 1847 so continued to visit the area for many years.</p><br>
<p>El Tigre is an island located in the Gulf of Fonseca, a body of water on the Pacific coast of Central America. The island is a conical basaltic stratovolcano and the southernmost volcano in Honduras. It belongs to Valle department. Together with Isla Zacate Grande, Isla Comandante and a few tiny satellite islets and rocks, it forms the municipality of Amapala, with an area of 75.2 km² and a population of 9,687 as of the census of 2001 .</p><br>
<p>Three countries, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, have coastline along the Gulf of Fonseca, and all three have been involved in a lengthy dispute over the rights to the gulf and the islands located there within. In 1992, a chamber of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decided the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute, of which the gulf dispute was a part. The ICJ determined that El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua were to share control of the Gulf of Fonseca. El Salvador was awarded the islands of Meanguera and Meanguerita, and Honduras was awarded the island of El Tigre.</p><br>
<p>Winnisook Lake is an artificial lake located in Oliverea, New York, United States. It is the source of Esopus Creek and the highest lake in the Catskill Mountains at 2,660 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the private property of the Winnisook Club, which expanded it with a dam so they could have a place to fish. This created some problems with hikers in the past, who would park along the neighboring stretch of Ulster County Route 47 and cross the clubs property to reach state-owned Forest Preserve lands and climb the Catskills highest peak, neighboring Slide Mountain. Crowds of hikers steadily increased throughout the 1970s, causing the club to consider closing what had long been one of the easiest ways to ascend the peak. New York&#39;s Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) solved the problem in the early 1980s by buying some land to the south of the club and building a new access trail over it.</p><br>
<p>The stretch of Route 47 next to the lake has the distinction of being the highest elevation improved public through road in the state.</p><br>
<p>The name, one of the few Indian place names in the Catskills, comes from Winnisook, the same legendary figure from whom the nearby hamlet of Big Indian and Big Indian Mountain draw their names.</p><br>
<p>The Dragoon Mountains are a range of mountains located in Cochise County, Arizona. The range is about 25 mi  long, running on an axis extending south-south east through Willcox.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range is south of Interstate 10, between the Whetstone Mountains to the west, and Chiricahua Mountains to the east. Higher elevations of the major ranges in the region are in the Madrean Sky Islands ecoregion, with sky island habitats.</p><br>
<p>Mount Glenn (7,520 ft/2,292 m) is the highest point in the range. The Little Dragoon Mountains are the continuation of the Dragoon Mountains north of Texas Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The mountains were included in the short-lived Dragoon National Forest, which was established in 1907 and combined into Coronado National Forest in 1908. The area is now included in the Douglas Ranger District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The warrior Cochise and his army defeated a small force of Confederate soldiers here at the First Battle of Dragoon Springs but was defeated at the Second Battle of Dragoon Springs a few days later. Cochise Stronghold Memorial Park lies near Mount Glenn on the eastern slope of the range and the historic town of Tombstone can be found at the southwestern portion of the range. There are also several ghost towns in the Dragoon Mountains including Gleeson and Courtland.</p><br>
<p>Evdilos is a village and a former municipality in the central part of the island of Ikaria, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ikaria, of which it is a municipal unit. 40 km northwest of Agios Kirykos. Its name means visible and freely rendered open horizon.</p><br>
<p>It is a new seaside settlement built after 1830 when piracy was completely stamped out on the island. Evdilos was the first capital of the island. Today it is the second port and the center of northern, central, and western Ikaria. Together with other settlements, it forms the municipal unit of Evdilos and had 2,749 permanent inhabitants at the 2011 census. The municipal unit has a land area of 78.790 km², and is the second-largest of the three on Icaria both in population and land area. It shares the island of Icaria with the municipal units of Agios Kirykos and Raches.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque small port and the pier with the old mansions and narrow roads, the paved steps, and the traditional and modern houses form an architecturally interesting village. Evdilos may be the most architecturally traditional settlement on Ikaria. There is a fine beach located just outside Evdilos.</p><br>
<h2>Frantato</h2><br>
<p>The community of Frantato (Τοπική Κοινότητα Φραντάτου) with 658 Inhabitants and 17,48 km² surface lies west of Evdilos and borders neighboring Raches.</p><br>
<p>Frantato (Φραντάτο), 136 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Maratho (Μάραθο), 86 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Pigi (Πηγή), 71 Inhabitants; in the vicinity of the village lies the Theoktistis Monastery (Μονή Θεοκτίστης). It was founded in the Byzantine era. The first church was built around 1300 C.E. At its peak, around the 15th century, the monastery was inhabited by around 100 monks, but since 1982 it is deserted.</p><br>
<p>Stavlos (Στάβλος), 24 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Avlaki (Αυλάκι), 106 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Kampos (Κάμπος), 216 Inhabitants; within its boundaries lies the antique city of Ini (Οινόη), which was the capital of the island until the Byzantine time. Of the Byzantine town only the Odyon, city walls and several buildings are still visible. Wine production constituted the basic income of the city, of which a sum had to be paid to the Attic Treasure. The archaeological museum of Kampos lies next to the Agia Irini church, which was built on the ruins of the classic temple of Dionysos.</p><br>
<p>Kalamourida (Καλαμουρίδα), 6 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Kremasti (Κρεμαστή), 13 Inhabitants</p><br>
<p>Laurel Hill Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Philadelphia. Founded in 1836, it was the second major garden or rural cemetery in the United States. In 1998, it was designated a National Historic Landmark; few cemeteries have receive this distinction.</p><br>
<p>Located in Philadelphia&#39;s East Falls section, the 74 acre cemetery overlooks the Schuylkill River. Laurel Hill contains more than 33,000 monuments and more than 11,000 family lots. Its thousands of 19th- and 20th-century marble and granite funerary monuments include obelisks and elaborately sculpted hillside tombs and mausoleums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded in 1836 by John Jay Smith, a librarian and editor with interests in horticulture and real estate who was distressed at the way his deceased daughter was interred in a Philadelphia churchyard. He and other prominent citizens decided to create a rural garden cemetery five miles north of Philadelphia, a location that was viewed as a haven from urban expansion and a respite from the increasingly industrialized city center. The property was acquired from businessman Joseph Sims.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Scottish-American architect John Notman, Laurel Hill introduced new landscape ideas and burial concepts and became a model for the rural cemetery movement. The cemetery was developed and completed between 1836 and 1839. To increase its cachet, the cemetery&#39;s organizers had the remains of several famous Revolutionary War figures moved there, including Continental Congress secretary Charles Thomson; Declaration of Independence signer Thomas McKean; Philadelphia war veteran and shipbuilder Jehu Eyre; Hugh Mercer, hero of the Battle of Princeton; and David Rittenhouse, first director of the USA Mint.</p><br>
<p>During and after the American Civil War, Laurel Hill became the final resting place of hundreds of military figures, including 42 Civil War-era generals. Laurel Hill also became the favored burial place for many of Philadelphia&#39;s most prominent political and business figures, including Matthias W. Baldwin, founder of the Baldwin Locomotive Works; Henry Disston, owner of the largest saw factory in the world (the Disston Saw Works); and financier Peter A. B. Widener.</p><br>
<p>The city later grew past Laurel Hill, but the cemetery retained its rural character.</p><br>
<p>From its inception, Laurel Hill was intended as a civic institution designed for public use. In an era before public parks and museums, it was a multi-purpose cultural attraction where the general public could experience the art and refinement previously known only to the wealthy. Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, Egyptian Revival and other exotic styles are rendered in a wide palette of materials, including marble, granite, cast-iron and sandstone. Notable artists and architects, including Notman, Alexander Milne Calder and William Strickland contributed their designs. Laurel Hill became an immensely popular destination in its early years and required tickets for admission. Writer Andrew Jackson Downing reported “nearly 30,000 persons…entered the gates between April and December, 1848.”</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Friends of Laurel Hill Cemetery, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, was founded to support the cemetery. The mission of the Friends is to assist the Laurel Hill Cemetery Company in preserving and promoting the historical character of Laurel Hill. The Friends raise funds and seek contributed services; prepare educational and research materials emphasizing the historical, architectural and cultural importance of Laurel Hill Cemetery; and provide tour guides to educate the public.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, two pairs of seats from Veterans Stadium were installed at the grave of Harry Kalas, the Frick Award-winning announcer for the Philadelphia Phillies, so they could be used by fans paying their respects.</p><br>
<p>Today, Laurel Hill Cemetery stands as a rich repository of both art and historical artifacts. Its monuments embody the rich design, craftsmanship and iconography of 19th and 20th century American funerary art, from simple obelisks to elaborate mausoleums.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Burials in the cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>Robert Adams, Jr. (1849–1906), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Hilary Baker (1746–1798), mayor of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Matthias W. Baldwin (1795–1866), businessman, Baldwin Locomotive Works</p><br>
<p>Alexander Biddle (1819–1899), USA army officer</p><br>
<p>Robert Montgomery Bird (1803–1854), American novelist, playwright, and physician</p><br>
<p>David Bispham (1857–1921), opera singer</p><br>
<p>Charles E. Bohlen (1904–1974), USA diplomat</p><br>
<p>Henry Bohlen (1810–1862), Civil War Union Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>George Henry Boker (1823–1890), poet, playwright, and diplomat</p><br>
<p>Joseph Bonnell (1802–1840), West Point graduate, hero of the Texas Revolution</p><br>
<p>Adolph E. Borie (1809–1880), Secretary of the Navy</p><br>
<p>Charles Brown (1797–1883), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John Cassin (1813–1869), ornithologist</p><br>
<p>George William Childs (1829–1894), newspaper publisher</p><br>
<p>Walter Colton (1797–1851), Chaplain, Alcalde of Monterey, author, publisher of California&#39;s first newspaper</p><br>
<p>David Conner (1792–1856), USA naval officer</p><br>
<p>Robert T. Conrad (1810–1858), mayor of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Joel Cook (1842–1910), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Robert Cornelius (1809–1893), pioneering photographer</p><br>
<p>Martha Coston (1826–1904), inventor and businesswoman</p><br>
<p>Samuel W. Crawford (1829–1892), Union army general</p><br>
<p>Louisa Knapp Curtis (1851–1910), journalist and magazine publisher</p><br>
<p>John A. Dahlgren (1809–1870), USA naval officer</p><br>
<p>Richard Dale (1756–1826), Revolutionary naval officer</p><br>
<p>Henry Deringer (1786–1868), gunsmith</p><br>
<p>Henry Disston (1819–1878), businessman, Disston Saw Works</p><br>
<p>Ida Dixon (1854–1916), socialite and first female golf course architect in the United States</p><br>
<p>George Meade Easby (1918–2005), great-grandson of General George Meade and a celebrity figure</p><br>
<p>George Nicholas Eckert (1802–1865), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Robert H. Foerderer (1860–1903), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Adam Forepaugh (1831–1890), an entrepreneur, businessman, and circus owner</p><br>
<p>Samuel Gibbs French (1818–1910), Confederate General has a cenotaph in his family&#39;s plot in Laurel Hill.</p><br>
<p>Frank Furness (1839–1912), Medal of Honor recipient, architect</p><br>
<p>Henry D. Gilpin (1801–1860), USA Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Louis Antoine Godey (1804–1878) American editor and publisher</p><br>
<p>Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749), optician and inventor</p><br>
<p>Frederick Gutekunst (1831-1917), prominent photographer</p><br>
<p>Henry Schell Hagert (1826–1885), writer, poet, Philadelphia district attorney</p><br>
<p>Sarah Josepha Hale (1788–1879), writer, poet</p><br>
<p>Frederick Halterman (1831–1907), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>James Harper (1780–1873), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843), first superintendent of the United States Coast Survey</p><br>
<p>Joseph Hemphill (1770–1842), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Alexander Henry (1823–1883), Civil War mayor of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Henry Wilson Hodge (1865–1919), engineer</p><br>
<p>Isaac Hull (1773–1843), Commodore, USN, captained Constitution to victory over HMS Guerriere</p><br>
<p>Owen Jones (1819–1878), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Harry Kalas (1936–2009), Philadelphia Phillies Hall of Fame broadcaster</p><br>
<p>Elisha Kane (1820–1857), explorer</p><br>
<p>William D. Kelley (1814–1890), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>William J. Kirkpatrick (1838–1921), composer</p><br>
<p>Henry Charles Lea (1825–1909), historian</p><br>
<p>Michael Leib (1760–1822), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Lewis Charles Levin (1808–1860), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>George Horace Lorimer (1868–1937), journalist</p><br>
<p>Charles Macalester (1798–1873), businessman, Presbyterian Church philanthropist, and namesake of Macalester College</p><br>
<p>Thomas McKean (1734–1817), lawyer and politician, Signer of the Declaration of Independence</p><br>
<p>George Gordon Meade (1815–1872), Union General, victor at the Battle of Gettysburg</p><br>
<p>Hugh Mercer (1726–1777), Continental general in the American Revolution</p><br>
<p>Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), plant chemist</p><br>
<p>William Millward (1822–1871), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Moffet (1831–1884), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Edward Joy Morris (1815–1881), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Naylor (1806–1872), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Notman (1810–1865), architect and designer of Laurel Hill</p><br>
<p>Francis E. Patterson (1821–1862), Union general in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Titian Peale (1799–1885), artist</p><br>
<p>John C. Pemberton (1814–1881), Confederate Civil War General</p><br>
<p>Garrett J. Pendergrast (1802–1862), USA Civil War naval officer</p><br>
<p>Boies Penrose (1860–1921), USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Samuel J. Randall (1828–1890), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Thomas Buchanan Read (1822–1872), American poet, sculptor, portrait-painter</p><br>
<p>Joseph Reed (1741–1785), Continental Congressman</p><br>
<p>John E. Reyburn (1845–1914), USA Congressman, mayor of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>William S. Reyburn (1882–1946), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>David Rittenhouse (1732–1796), astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor</p><br>
<p>John Robbins (1808–1880), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Richard Rush (1780–1859), USA Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Saint (1885–1961), stained glass artist</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Sergeant (1746–1793), Continental Congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Ferguson Smith (1807–1862), USA Army General</p><br>
<p>Witmer Stone (1866–1939), ornithologist, botanist</p><br>
<p>Thomas Sully (1783–1872), portrait painter</p><br>
<p>Charles Thomson (1729–1824), secretary of the Continental Congress</p><br>
<p>George Washington Toland (1796–1869), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Levi Twiggs (1793–1847), officer in the U. S. Marine Corps</p><br>
<p>Job Roberts Tyson (1803–1858), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Richard Vaux (1816–1895), USA Congressman, mayor of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Thomas Ustick Walter (1804–1887), architect</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Williams (1751–1815), USA Army officer and first superintendent of West Point</p><br>
<p>Peter A. B. Widener (1834–1915), business tycoon, philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Isaac J. Wistar (1827–1905), Union Army general and penologist</p><br>
<p>Owen Wister (1860–1938), novelist, author of The Virginian</p><br>
<p>Jacob Zeilin (1806–1880), 7th Commandant of the USA Marine Corps, Marine Corps&#39; first general officer</p><br>
<h2>Fictional references</h2><br>
<p>The young adult book Tombstone Tea by Joanne Dahme takes place in Laurel Hill Cemetery and some of the well-known people buried there appear as characters.</p><br>
<p>A headstone marks the grave of the fictional Adrian Balboa. It was used as a prop in the 2006 motion picture Rocky Balboa which was filmed at the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Sulu-an is a Barangay in a small island in the Philippines, in the province of Eastern Samar. It lies east of Leyte Gulf and west of Emden Deep. Its neighboring islands are Homonhon Island and Manicani Island in the municipality of Guiuan, Eastern Samar.The island was the first site of Anchorage for Ferdinand Magellan&#39;s Spanish Armada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 17, 1521, after 98 days of crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellans voyage dropped anchor on the island. Although Samar and Mindanao were their first land sightings from afar, Magellans choice of anchoring on a much smaller island was meant as a security precaution as few people would have inhabited a small island such as Sulu-an. In Laurence Bergreen&#39;s book entitled Over the Edge of the World, details their landing as; "they headed to Sulu-an and dropped their anchor for a few hours of respite." They then next dropped anchor at Homonhon Island, where they spent a week with the natives, and finally proceeded to Limasawa, where the 1st ever Christian mass was held on March 31, 1521.</p><br>
<p>The name of Sulu-an Island is derived from the word sulo, the Waray-waray word for "torch" which the locals would have used during fishing at night. Sulu-an, therefore, means torch-bearing people in reference to the local fishermen. From afar, prior to landing, the Spanish Armada would have seen the torches the night before.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Sulu-an played a vital role in the US forces strategy, lead by General Douglas McArthur, to a successful campaign against the Japanese forces. On October 20, 1944, before the US launch the biggest battle in history, A team of soldiers was sent to Sulu-an Island to neutralize a group of Japanese soldiers to secure the arrival of the Generals liberation forces.</p><br>
<h2>Super Tyhoon</h2><br>
<p>Eastern Samar tends to be battered by tropical storms during Pacific typhoon season. Most times, 90% of a storm landfall is likely to be Sulu-an Island. On November 8, 2013, Sulu-an Island was the first victim of the Super typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda) before navigating to Guiuan which had a tremendous impact not only on the islands economy but also to the peoples lives. International organizations created an overwhelming drive to help rehabilitate the people and their livelihood.</p><br>
<p>Reference: The Star Philippines February 18, 2017</text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Calicoan is a Philippine island east of Leyte Gulf, off the southeastern point of Samar. It is one of the islands that are part of the municipality of Guiuan, in the province of Eastern Samar. The island can be reached from Tacloban City by a two-hour bus ride.</p><br>
<p>Calicoan Island has white sand beaches with rocky bottoms. In the middle of the island are six lagoons ringed by forest, the largest being 30 hectare in size. At the cliff side margin of Calicoan&#39;s forests are dozens of caves. On the northern tip of Calicoan are wetlands, teeming with fish, shrimp, and crabs.</p><br>
<p>The rich diversity of the area is evident when one sees the exotic species being sold. The surrounding waters support several marine-based industries such as fish farming, seaweed farming, and pearl farming.</p><br>
<p>The Blythe Intaglios or Blythe Geoglyphs are a group of gigantic figures incised on the ground near Blythe, California in the Colorado Desert. The ground drawings or geoglyphs were created by humans for an, as of yet, unknown reason. The intaglios are located east of the Big Maria Mountains, about 15 mi north of downtown Blythe, just west of USA Highway 95 near the Colorado River. The Blythe Intaglios are the most well-known of the over 200 intaglios in the Colorado Desert. The Colorado Desert contains the only known desert intaglios in North America. The largest human figure in the Blythe Intaglio group is 171 ft long. The intaglios are best viewed from the air.</p><br>
<p>Geoglyphs are found throughout the world, the construction methods range from earthern mounds, piles of stone, or the removal of surface plants or soil. The most famous desert intaglios are the Nazca Lines in Peru. The Blythe Geoglyphs or intaglios (anthropomorphic geoglyphs) were created by scraping away layers of darker rocks or pebbles to reveal a stratum of lighter-valued soil. The displaced rocks outlined the figures and the exposed soil was stamped down which makes it more difficult for plants to grow in the lines. The intaglios are located on flat terraces in the Colorado River floodplain. While these "gravel pictographs" are found through the deserts of southeastern California, human figures are found only near the Colorado River. Other intaglios depict mountain lions, birds, snakes, and unidentified zoomorphic and geometric shapes. The figures are so immense that many of them were not observed by non-Indians until the 1930s. The set of Blythe Intaglios and nearby geoglyphs include several dozen figures, thought to be ceremonial in nature. No Colorado River Native American group has claimed to have made the intaglios, although some have claimed to use them. Many of the intaglios are believed to date from the prehistoric period, but their age and the identity of their creators are still uncertain. If the quadruped figures represent horses (reintroduced in North America by the Spanish) then a historical date would be supported. Jay von Werlhof and his collaborators obtained 13 AMS radiocarbon dates for the figures, ranging from 900 BCE to 1200 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1932, George Palmer, a pilot flying between Las Vegas, Nevada and Blythe, California noticed the Blythe geoglyphs. His find led to a survey of the area in 1932 by Arthur Woodward, Curator of History and Anthropology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Malcolm J. Rogers subsequently studied and sketched the Blythe Intaglios in 1939. After National Geographic published an article about the Blythe Intaglios in 1952, people began to visit the site which led to some destruction of the intaglios. The interest in the Blythe intaglios lead to the search for and discovery of more desert intaglios. The Bureau of Land Management erected fences in 1974 to protect the intaglios and the Blythe Intaglios were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Similar intaglios, named the Ripley Group, were found nearby in Arizona across the Colorado River from Ripley, California.</p><br>
<h2>Topock Maze</h2><br>
<p>The Topock Maze or Mojave Maze, another geoglyph site near Needles, California, covers 18 acre and consists of a series of parallel windrows approximately five feet apart. However, it is unclear whether the Topock Maze was created by Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Edward Curtis reported in 1908 that, "The Mohave Indians near by have utilized the area... in recent years, as a maze into which to lure and escape evil spirits, for it is believed that by running in and out through one of these immense labyrinths, one haunted with a dread may bewilder the spirit occasioning it, and thus elude them." Similarly, an unpublished mid-20th century report cited second-hand ethnographic information that, prior to 1900, the "Mohave used to put some of their men in the center of the area of alignment and left them to find their way out of the maze without crossing the gravel alignments. By doing this they would leave the devil behind them."</p><br>
<p>However, Ruth Musser-Lopez reviewed historic and archaeological evidence concerning the "maze" and found strong support for the conjecture that the feature was originally created as a result of late-nineteenth-century gravel harvesting for railroad construction and thus unrelated to the Blythe geoglyphs. For instance, old foot trails exist in undisturbed ground and stop at, but do not cross the lines of gravel indicating that the gravel is more recent than the trails. The Mojave people have denied knowing the origin of the Topock Maze.</p><br>
<h2>Figures</h2><br>
<p>Patterns and circles at the site suggest that local groups may have danced there. One of the notable mythic figures is a 20-to-25-meter long humanoid figure located next to a second glyph, this of a quadruped resembling a mountain lion. Additionally, 18 ft-tall figures bearing a likeness to Mastamho and Kataar, the "hero twins of the creation myth," can be seen near Fort Mojave in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Some researchers hypothesize that the intaglios are stopping points on a keruk pilgrimage or simply the practice of the keruk ceremony at various places. The keruk was a mourning ceremony that was practiced by various Native Americans in southern California. The keruk included the reenactment of the creator’s death and the recognition of the people who had died since the last keruk. Warfare has been offered a possible explanation as to the spread along the Colorado River of ceremonies such as the keruk and the similar style of desert intaglios.</p><br>
<p>Of the nearly 60 sites containing humanoid figures, almost all of them have a deeply entrenched torso, while the limbs are much more shallowly etched into the surface. Often, the head and/or one or more arms of the figure will not have been represented at all. The largest human figure is 171 feet (52 m) long, while the smallest is 95 feet (29 m) long.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the Blythe geoglyphs are located 16 mi north of Blythe, California, off Highway 95, at the Interstate 10 exit and down several dirt roads for 15.5 mi. An historical marker (No. 101) placed by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, commemorates the site. Chain link fences surround several of the figures.</p><br>
<p>The intaglios were featured prominently in the Hardy Boys novel Mystery of the Desert Giant&#39;, published in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Westbury College Gatehouse is a 15th-century gatehouse to the 13th-century College of Priests located in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, England, and now a National Trust property. It is a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gatehouse originally formed part of Westbury College, a residence for the Dean and Canons of Holy Trinity Church. The College building was fortified with towers, turrets and battlements surrounding a quadrangle, onto which the gatehouse opened. The College itself had been founded earlier, but these buildings were erected between 1459 and 1469 by John Carpenter, Bishop of Worcester and Westbury. William Canynge, the notable Bristol merchant and politician, may have contributed to their construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1544, after the Dissolution, the College became a private dwelling. In 1643 during the English Civil War it was burnt by Prince Rupert&#39;s forces, to prevent its use by Parliamentarian troops. By 1771, a Georgian house had been built alongside the gatehouse. Now, the only other surviving parts of the original College are two round towers and the retaining wall alongside the River Trym. These can be seen from College Road and Trym Road.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The College Gatehouse was acquired in 1907 by the National Trust, and is currently on a 100 year lease to Holy Trinity Church. It is managed by the Church as a local meeting place, and is regularly used by the Church youth groups, as well as the local Air Cadets 2442 Squadron and the local school Westbury Primary&#39;s After School Club.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the building can be arranged via the National Trust office at Leigh Woods in Bristol.</p><br>
<p>Treasury Islands  are a small group of islands a few kilometers to the south of Bougainville and 24 km from the Shortland Islands. They form part of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. The two largest islands in the Treasuries are Mono Island and the smaller Stirling Island. The deep water strait between these two islands is called Blanche Harbor.</p><br>
<p>These islands were first discovered in 1788 by British Royal Navy officer Lieutenant John Shortland.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the islands were held by the Japanese until 25–27 October 1943, when the islands were invaded via amphibious assault by units of the New Zealand 8th Brigade.</p><br>
<p>Following the invasion, an airstrip was built on the flatter Stirling Island by the USN 87th Construction battalion. This airfield was then used to support a campaign to neutralize Japanese air power at Rabaul. Stirling airfield is still in use today by the Solomons Airlines.</p><br>
<p>The Argus Range is a mountain range located in Inyo County, California, southeast of the town of Darwin. The range forms the western boundary of Panamint Valley, and the northwestern boundary of Searles Valley. The Coso Range is located to the west, and the Panamint Range to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Argus Range is one of the westernmost of the Basin and Range Province ranges. The northern end of the range is just south of the Panamint Springs Resort on Highway 190. The range runs south to Argus Peak, just northwest of Searles Lake, near the town of Trona, California. In addition to Argus Peak, the range contains Maturango Peak.</p><br>
<p>The crest of the Argus Range is located within NAWS China Lake and so the peaks of this range are off-limits to the general public. The two peaks that are most alluring to would-be hikers are Argus Peak (6,562 ft) and Maturango Peak (8,839 ft) towering to the west of Panamint Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Argus Range Wilderness</h2><br>
<p>The Argus Range Wilderness, under the administration of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), runs 28 mi along the east side of the Argus Range. It extends from the military reservation on the west to the foot of the Argus Range on the east. For most of its length, this wilderness area is no more than two miles (3 km) wide. Several private property holdings are located within this wilderness area including a rather deep cherry-stem at Snow Canyon and a 40 acre parcel known as Onyx Springs between Shepherd and Bendire Canyons. Many land-owners were affected by the creation of the Argus Range Wilderness Area in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Mineral King is a subalpine glacial valley located in the southern part of Sequoia National Park, in the USA state of California. The valley lies at the headwaters of the East Fork of the Kaweah River, which rises at the eastern part of the valley and flows northwest. Accessed by a long and narrow winding road, the valley is mostly popular with backpackers and hikers.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the valley was inhabited by the Yokut tribe. In the 1870s, silver was discovered on the slopes of a mountain overlooking Mineral King. Mineral King Road was built in 1873 and was gradually improved throughout the early 20th century. A proposal by Walt Disney Productions to build a ski resort called "Disney&#39;s Mineral King Ski Resort" in the valley in the 1960s was stopped by preservationists. In 1978, the valley became part of Sequoia National Park.</p><br>
<p>The name Mineral King also refers to the historic mining camps and towns in and near the valley, including Silver City and Cabin Cove. The settlements as a whole are referred to as the Mineral King Road Cultural Landscape, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mineral King is a 7.5 mi-long, 1 mi-wide glacial valley in the southern Sierra Nevada. The valley floor lies at an elevation of 7,400 ft, while the granite peaks rising above the head of the valley reach heights of 11,000 ft or more. As the crow flies, it is located about 20 mi southeast of Three Rivers, which is near the confluence of the East Fork Kaweah River and Middle Fork Kaweah River.</p><br>
<p>The valley floor is an expanse of open meadows with a narrow strip of riparian vegetation, including short trees and bushes, along the East Fork Kaweah River. As the flat meadows give way to rocky slopes, there are many congregations of conifers that climb the slopes to the tree line. Above the tree line, there are sheer or almost sheer granite walls that slope up to form Sawtooth Peak, Empire Mountain, Mineral Peak, Hengst Peak and others. There are two prominent mountain passes leading out of Mineral King: Timber Gap, which leads into the Middle Fork Kaweah River drainage&#39; and Farewell Gap at the valley head, which leads into the Kern River drainage. The first half of the valley runs from south to north and the second half runs from east to west.</p><br>
<p>Fed by snowmelt, springs and abundant lakes in granite bowls at the upstream-most section of the valley, creeks plunge down the steep valley walls as long and twisting waterfalls. These include Tufa Falls, Crystal Creek Falls, and Franklin Falls, in upstream order. This section of the valley is dotted with tributary gorges that fan out from the main canyon. Lakes in this section of the valley include the Mosquito Lakes, Eagle Lake, the Franklin Lakes, and the Crystal Lakes. From the end of the valley, the East Fork Kaweah River drops over Mineral King Falls and East Fork Falls, before continuing down a steep and narrow gorge, following Mineral King Road.</p><br>
<p>Mineral King is one of the oldest communities in the High Sierra, with many families owning cabins for six or seven generations. Many of the communities date from the 1870s silver boom and have been inhabited since.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evidence suggests that Native Americans long ago used Mineral King to camp and hunt in. These Native American groups included the Wikchúmni Yokut (or Wukchumni) and the Tübatulabal. The Yokuts&#39; main settlements actually had their main villages in the broad valley adjoining and in the present-day site of Lake Kaweah. They created summer settlements on the valley floor and also around the area that was later to be the site of Atwell Mill. The primary purpose of these summer settlements was hunting and trading with the Paiutes, who lived east of the Sierra Nevada. But prior to contact with white settlers, the valley became taboo to the Wikchúmni Yokut tribe, and no humans had inhabited it for some time.</p><br>
<p>The first explorer of European descent known to have visited Mineral King was the Irishman Harry "Parole" OFarrell, in 1862. While employed as hunters for a trail crew building the Hockett toll trail from Visalia to Independence, OFarrell and a Paiute companion found the valley from the south, over Farewell Gap. Attracted by the promise of mineral riches, OFarrell returned to prospect and build a summer settlement on the East Fork of the Kaweah River, which came to be called Harrys Bend.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and 1880s, assays of precious metals in White Chief Canyon and on Empire Mountain led to the boomtown of Beulah. The first discovery of silver in the Mineral King Valley occurred in 1872, below Mineral Peak and Empire Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Following the discovery, the Mineral King Wagon and Toll Road Company was established in December 1873 to build a wagon road. The first routing of Mineral King Road followed the East Fork Canyon&#39;s south side. Until then, access to Mineral King was by rough tracks. A second discovery of silver in 1878 drew more prospectors to the Mineral King area and a second Mineral King Road, following a different route up the north side of the canyon, was constructed in 1879. This created the route for much of the present-day Mineral King Road.</p><br>
<p>The Mineral King Road passes through two groves of giant sequoias, the Redwood Creek Grove and the Atwell Grove. In 1890 the groves were included in the boundaries of the newly established Sequoia National Park, encompassing the central portion of the road. Mineral King itself was excluded from the new park. The Mineral King entrance was the most heavily used gateway to the park until 1903.</p><br>
<p>A Tom Fowler purchased the Empire Mine, then the largest mine in the area, and created the Empire Gold and Silver Mining Company. The lowermost part of the road was rebuilt in 1915 to its present-day route. Over time, the minerals were found to be unprofitable to extract from their ore and no significant mining ever took place, but the valley kept its hopeful name: Mineral King.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s and as part of the Sequoia National Forest, the area became a recreational center, reinforced by the destruction of most of the mining structures in landslides following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Mineral King was used as a summer camping area. Continuing until 1942, private cabins were built in the Mineral King area, expanding the communities of Cabin Cove, Silver City, and Beulah. (All of these communities, including Silver City, would later become part of the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Mineral King Road Cultural Landscape.) In 1926, Mineral King was declared the Sequoia Game Refuge by the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Disneys Mineral King Ski Resort was a project developed by Walt Disney and Company in the 1960s. Disney had become interested in skiing around this time, and decided to build a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley. At the time, many skiers believed this to be the largest potential resort in all of California. Disneys bid won out over those of other developers, having the largest plans. Disney had also met renowned University of Denver and Olympic ski coach Willy Schaeffler, and together they developed the village and mountain resort plans.</p><br>
<p>Conversely, the Sierra Club supported the ski resort proposal during the embryonic stages of its development. Its original plans then were changed to a proposal involving the construction of 14 ski lifts, and hotels and large parking areas. The final plan called for 27 ski lifts and facilities for two million visitors per year. It was at this time that the Sierra Club announced its opposition to the project. The ski resort was never built, due to environmental concerns raised by a coalition of preservationists, led by the Sierra Club. After years of legal battles between pro-development and preservationist groups, the Mineral King Valley was annexed into Sequoia National Park in 1978 by an act of Congress. That legislation effectively stopped the plan to ever develop the area into a ski resort.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Upper Mineral King remains much like its original, natural state, while lower Mineral King has received some development. The valley is abundant in wildlife, including black bears, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmots, and some species of freshwater fish. Mining activities throughout the silver boom severely hurt the ecology of the lower East Fork below the Empire mine and White Chief Canyon, but wildlife has slowly rebounded.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Mineral King Valley is accessed by a long, narrow, winding mountain road that leads 25 mi generally southeast from the junction with Highway 198 near Three Rivers. At the end of the road is the Mosquito-Eagle Trailhead, which allows hikers to access trails leading out of the south end of the valley. There are also hiking trails leading north out of the valley through Timber Gap. Two Sequoia National Park campgrounds are located in Mineral King, Atwell Mill Campground and Cold Springs Campground, with a total of 61 tent campsites.</p><br>
<p>No commercial services are available in the Mineral King Valley and visitors must bring food, camping supplies, firewood and other essentials with them. None of the cabins have electricity and most use propane for lighting, cooking and fireplaces providing heat. There are a few public telephones scattered throughout the Mineral King Valley, notably at the Cold Springs Campground, a trail head parking lot and at the end of the road. Cell phones do not work in the valley due to the remote location and steep terrain. There are at least two webcams that provide year-round visibility into the Mineral King Valley.</p><br>
<p>No gasoline is available after leaving State Route 198, 25 miles down the winding Mineral King road (a 90-minute drive). The National Park Service charges fees for using campsites at Cold Springs and Atwell Mill. Bears, marmots and other wild animals abound so campers take precautions to protect their food and vehicles. Suggested precautions are posted by the Park Service at the public campgrounds. Camping is not permitted in any location along the road except in the public campgrounds.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Several significant vacation home settlements are preserved along Mineral King Road.</p><br>
<p>One mile before reaching the Mineral King cabins is a grouping of 30 or so cabins in an area named Faculty Flat. The Faculty Flat cabins were mostly built in the 1920s and many are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The name Faculty Flat derives from a group of Los Angeles educators that originally populated the area.</p><br>
<p>The Cabin Cove settlement comprises seven cabins, of which six are historic preserved structures. West Mineral King grew up around a place called Bartons Camp, and comprises 35 cabins, all of which are at their original locations and all of which are considered historic structures. East Mineral King, also known as the Beulah Tract, was built around the site of Crowleys Hotel. There are 24 cabins in East Mineral King.</p><br>
<p>Cabins are typically simple frame structures with board-and-batten siding and metal roofs. In addition to the cabins, the Atwell Mill ranger residence is preserved, exemplifying the National Park Service rustic style. The Lookout Point entrance station and residence were built in the Mission Revival style. A number of water troughs, sited along the road to provide water for overheated car radiators, are also historic structures.</p><br>
<p>The Mineral King road corridor was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 24, 2003.</p><br>
<p>There are two groups devoted to preserving Mineral King:</p><br>
<p>The Mineral King District Association, whose main focus is on attaining recognition of Mineral King as a living historic community.</p><br>
<p>The Mineral King Preservation Society, which is nonprofit, public-benefit corporation dedicated to preserving the natural and historic assets of the Mineral King area. Since its inception in 1986, the society has engaged in research, restoration, and preservation planning. Among its other activities is a new partnership with Sequoia National Park to insure preservation of all historic resources in the National Register listed area and assist in volunteer projects and educational activities.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan was a United States Army base, set up to protect the first USA settlement on the Rio Grande near the current town of Eagle Pass, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A line of seven army posts were established in 1848-49 after the Mexican War to protect the settlers of West Texas and included Fort Worth, Fort Graham, Fort Gates, Fort Croghan, Fort Martin Scott, Fort Lincoln and Fort Duncan. Fort Duncan was established on March 27, 1849, when Captain Sidney Burbank occupied the site with companies A, B, and F of the First United States Infantry. On November 14, 1849, the post was named Fort Duncan, after Col. James Duncan, a hero of the Mexican-American War.</p><br>
<p>The post consisted of a storehouse, two magazines, four officers&#39; quarters, and a stone hospital, in addition to quarters for enlisted men. Construction was done half by the troops and half by hired workers. There was ample stone but no timber for building, and the men suffered from exposure. Company C, 1st Regiment of Artillery, asked permission to construct quarters at its own expense. During the 1850s, Fort Duncan provided merchants and traders protection from border frontier outlaws and Native Americans. The fort also served as a post for scouting Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, Lt.s Philip Sheridan, Zenas Bliss, Richard W. Johnson and Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer were stationed here, the Lieutenants after graduating from West Point.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan became involved in an invasion of Mexico on 2 October 1855, when Texas Ranger Captain James H. Callahan led an effort to capture "runaway slaves", but confronted by Mexican regular troops, Seminoles and the ex-slaves, Callahan retreated to Piedras Negras, which caught fire, threatening his force with annihilation until Capt. Burbank covered Callahan&#39;s retreat across the Rio Grande with Fort Duncan artillery.</p><br>
<p>Secretary of War John B. Floyd ordered the post abandoned in May 1859, but Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee ordered the fort reoccupied in March 1860 during the Cortina Troubles. The fort at this time consisted of "25 buildings...nearly all are stone and adobe with thatched roofs."</p><br>
<p>General David E. Twiggs ordered the fort evacuated on 21 February 1861, just before the outbreak of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The CSA garrisoned the fort with volunteers and Texas Rangers, renaming it Rio Grande Station, which became an important port for the export of cotton into Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Federal troops reoccupied Fort Duncan on 23 March 1868 by the 41st Infantry under the command of Lt. Col. William R. Shafter, and Lt. Henry Ware Lawton as quartermaster. An additional unit of Buffalo soldiers stationed at the fort, besides the 41st, was the 9th Cavalry. This included George B. Jackson, later a businessman in San Angelo called "the wealthiest black man in Texas" during the second half of the 19th century. The 25th Infantry arrived under the command of Major Bliss in 1870, and the Black Seminole Scouts were organized at the fort, initially under the command of 2nd Lt. Henry Field Leggett, but later commanded by 2nd Lt. John L. Bullis.</p><br>
<p>The post was abandoned once again on 31 August 1883.</p><br>
<h2>Camp at Eagle Pass</h2><br>
<p>Camp at Eagle Pass was established on 3 April 1886 as a sub-post of Fort Clark until it was discontinued in February 1927. The 3rd Texas Volunteer Infantry was based here from 25 May 1898 until 16 February 1899. The camp was ordered abandoned in 1904 but a detachment of Signal Corps was placed here on 9 February 1911 while "Mexico was aflame with revolution" until 1914. The National Guard was mobilized here in 1916, joining the Coast Artillery Corps, while the 90th Aero Squadron operated DH-4Bs from here in 1919 until 1920, which included Jimmy Doolittle. Only a caretaker force remained to watch over the hospital from 1922 until final closure of the camp in 1927.</p><br>
<h2>Military Aviation</h2><br>
<p>On 3 March 1911, Benjamin Foulois and Philip Orin Parmelee flew the US military&#39;s first cross country reconnaissance flight here from Laredo using a Wright Model B covering 106 miles in two hours at an altitude of 800 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1933, the City of Eagle Pass Parks and Recreation Department began maintaining the old fort as a public park. The city formally acquired the property in 1938 at an auction price of $3760 and converted it into Fort Duncan Park. In 1942 the mayor offered the fort to the military for use during World War II. The government used the Fort Duncan Country Club as an officers&#39; club and the swimming pool for commissioned personnel stationed at Eagle Pass Army Air Field. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Seven of the original buildings still stand today. In the early 1980s, the Fort Duncan Country Club caught fire and only the outer walls remain.</p><br>
<p>The Commander&#39;s Headquarters building has been converted into the Fort Duncan Museum, with exhibits of local and fort history and artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duncan in Eagle Pass IMG 0262.JPGFort Duncan Headquarter and Museum</p><br>
<p>Laguna Catemaco  is a freshwater lake located at the center of the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas in south central Veracruz, in east central Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The word lagoon in English, and laguna in Spanish, generally describes a body of shallow brackish water, usually next to the sea. Thus despite the name, Laguna de Catemaco is not a lagoon, but an actual fresh water lake. Common usage in Mexico is Laguna de Catemaco, though scientific articles tend to use the correct and less ambiguous name of Lake Catemaco in English, and Lago Catemaco in Spanish.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Laguna Catemaco was formed millennia ago, when lava flow from Volcano San Martin Tuxtla blocked its current northern end, and stands now at 340 m (1,115 ft) above sea level. It is shallow, averaging 7.6 m (25 ft), with a maximum depth of 22 meters located in the channel between Isla Agaltepec and the city of Catemaco. The circulation pattern is clockwise. The laguna drains via the Rio Grande de Catemaco and its water level is controlled by several dams which replaced historic waterfalls. The change in water level is more than can be explained by evaporation and outflow. Apparently the laguna sits upon fissures permitting water to percolate down.</p><br>
<p>The lake is polymictic (water turns over more than twice a year), well oxygenated, and contains excessive nutrients (eutrophic) because of fertilizer runoff from the neighboring farms and nurseries. Because of the excessive nutrients, Laguna Catemaco is one of the more productive lakes in Mexico, up to 1,800 tons annually. Large netting is prohibited to assure the livelihood of more than a thousand registered fishermen. A perch-like fish called Oreochromis aureus was introduced from Africa (Mojarra Tilapia), a sardine like Topote, and the snail Tegogolo are the most common catches.</p><br>
<p>According to Miller and Conner (1997) there are 14 species of fish in Lake Catemaco. Two species, Micropterus salmoides Lacepède and Oreochromis aureus Steindachner have been introduced into the lake, and another two species, Vieja fenestrata Günther and Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen & Greenwood, are widespread throughout eastern Mexico and Central America. Of the remaining 10 species, five are endemic to the lake and five may represent undescribed species endemic to the lake (Miller and Conner 1997, Meyer and Schartl 2003). The high rate of endemicity suggests that Lake Catemaco has been biogeographically isolated for some time, possibly since its origin up to 2 million years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Laguna Catemaco has a surface area of 72.54 km&sup2, is formed like an elliptical parabola and is almost square with maximum width and axis of a little more than 10 km, (10,250 m width and a WSW-ENE axis of 12,320 m). It contains 552,000,000 m&sup3; of water. The laguna is Mexico&#39;s eighteenth in size of water bodies, seventh in size of lakes and lagunas, third in size of lakes.</p><br>
<p>Prevailing climate is hot and humid with average temperature of 23.4 °C (75 °F). Rainfall varies seasonally with averages of 2,068 mm recorded at Catemaco and 4,614 mm at Coyame. Winds from the Gulf of Mexico enter the Catemaco watershed through an opening in the surrounding mountains located to the north of the town of Coyame, and cross the lake in a NE-SW direction, blowing strongly over the lake throughout the year. From February to October, northeast winds are dominant. Colder and faster northern winds blow from November to January.</p><br>
<p>The tropical rainforest that once covered all the watershed of the lake has been severely decimated in the last few decades. Consequently, sedimentation has greatly increased, affecting the clarity of its waters and if left uncontrolled will possibly fill in the lake in the far future.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline is irregular, with remnants of several volcanic cones and its perimeter is about 50 km and would be an ideal venue for 50 km sporting events, if circumnavigation were possible. At present a gap in the lake shore road at Tepeyaga peninsula prohibits this.</p><br>
<p>There are several volcanic islands within the lake. Several of these islands are stocked with native and imported monkeys as a University of Veracruz research project. This has led to more than 70 small boats scurrying tourists from Catemaco city across the lake to view the free ranging monkeys. The lake has been the backdrop for movies, including Sean Connery&#39;s Medicine Man.</p><br>
<p>Lake Macatawa is a lake in Ottawa County in the USA state of Michigan. The lake is about 6 mi long with a maximum width of 1.2 mi and a surface area of 1,700 acres  The average depth of the lake is variable but generally less than 10 ft, excluding a navigation channel of fixed depth that crosses the lake to allow deep draft ships to access the dock at the City of Holland.</p><br>
<p>The lake occupies portions of Park Township, Holland Township, and the City of Holland.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains two bays of significant size: Big Bay, and the smaller Pine Creek Bay to the east. The lake is the drowned river mouth of the Macatawa River (formerly known as the Black River), which feeds into the lake&#39;s eastern end in the City of Holland. Other tributaries include Pine Creek, which feeds into Pine Creek Bay, and Winstrom Creek, which feeds into Big Bay. The lake discharges into Lake Michigan at the USA Army Corps of Engineers channel near Holland State Park. The lake and its watershed encompass 114,560 acre of Ottawa and Allegan counties.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end of the lake is marked by industrial development within the City of Holland, and includes a coal-fired power plant, scrap metal recycling facility, environmental research facility owned by Michigan State University, aggregate mineral loading dock, and a pickle production facility owned by the H.J. Heinz company. The remainder of the lakeshore is marked by high-income residential development, with the notable exception of Holland State Park which borders the northern shoreline of the western end of the lake, Howard B. Dunton park on the north shore of the eastern end, and Kollen Park near the Heinz factory, which connects to a boardwalk installed along the shoreline occupied by the facility.</p><br>
<p>The Granada War Relocation Center  was a Japanese American internment camp located in southeast Colorado, about a mile west of the small farming community of Granada, south of US 50.</p><br>
<p>The camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 18, 1994, and designated a National Historic Landmark on February 10, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the forced relocation of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast with Executive Order 9066. Over the spring of 1942, some 120,000 Japanese Americans were "evacuated" and placed into temporary "assembly centers" before being transferred to more permanent and isolated "relocation centers" like Granada. Run by the War Relocation Authority, the government body responsible for administration of the incarceration program, Granada was one of ten such camps, the only one to be built on private land. The camp site covered 10,000 acres, of which only 640 acres was used for residential, community and administrative buildings, while the rest was devoted to agricultural projects. The land was owned by several ranchers and farmers before the war, and only one of these property owners willingly sold his acreage to make way for the camp, creating tension between the WRA and the other landholders, whose parcels were taken via condemnation. However, this did not necessarily translate to overall resistance to Japanese Americans being housed in the area: Colorado Governor Ralph Lawrence Carr was one of the few to welcome the Japanese Americans and the only governor not to oppose the establishment of a WRA camp in his state, going against the anti-Japanese sentiment of the times.</p><br>
<p>Granada opened August 27, 1942, and reached a peak population of 7,318 persons by February 1943, making it the smallest of the WRA camps (although the total number who passed through the camp during its three-year existence was over 10,000). Nearly all of the camp&#39;s original internees came from California: southwest Los Angeles, the Central Valley and the northern coast. Many had been residents of the Yamato Colony, a farming settlement established by Issei businessman Kyutaro Abiko. Each person was only allowed to bring one bag, therefore, many people were forced to sell what they could or give away their possessions, including pets, before being forced out.</p><br>
<p>The camps unofficial name quickly became Camp Amache, named after a Cheyenne chiefs daughter, the wife of John Prowers. (The county where Camp Amache is located is named after Prowers.) This name change was due to a mail mix-up between the town of Granada and the camp.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Amache residential area is spread atop a low hill, which prevented the flooding and mud problems which plagued other WRA camps, although the area was prone to high winds and severe dust storms. It was surrounded by barbed-wire fencing, with eight machine-gun towers located all around the camp. However, all eight towers were rarely manned at one time, and the guns were never used. The Project Director, James G. Lindley, allowed internees to take day trips to the town of Granada, located within walking distance of the camp, and although some locals remained hostile to their "Jap" neighbors, most eventually warmed to the internees, with many business owners hiring Japanese Americans and stocking goods catered to their Amache customers.</p><br>
<p>Although relations with the residents of Granada and other nearby communities were largely positive, many Coloradans protested the construction of Amache High School in 1943. The region was still recovering from the Depression of the 1930s, and citizens argued their tax dollars should not go to support Japanese American students. Echoing widespread rumors that the WRA was "coddling" confined Japanese Americans while the rest of the country suffered from wartime shortages, state senator Edwin C. Johnson called it an example of "pampering" the enemy. The high school was completed in June 1943, but plans to construct two additional schools for elementary and junior high students were abandoned; middle schoolers shared the Amache High building with older students, while elementary school classes continued in a barracks in Block 8H.</p><br>
<p>Sources indicate that the high school football team lost one game in three years. One noteworthy event was when the Amache football team played the undefeated football team from Holly, Colorado, which is located just 11 mi east of Amache on USA 50. This game was unique because Holly actually agreed to come up to the camp and play Amache on their home field. One of the Holly team players was Roy Romer, who went on to become Governor of Colorado. The Amache team won this game by a score of 7-0, the only touchdown coming from a trick play, thus the Amache team can claim to be undefeated on their own field.</p><br>
<p>Adults in camp had various opportunities for employment. The camp had a police department which was worked by sixty Japanese American internees, although it was headed by a white security officer. Similarly, the Amache Fire Department consisted of three crews of Japanese American firefighters and one internee fire chief working under white supervisors. Some (though not many) who had earned teaching credentials prior to their confinement were employed in the camp schools. A silkscreen shop was established in 1943, and its forty-five staff members created training materials and over 250,000 color posters for the USA Navy, in addition to calendars, program events and other personal-use items for camp residents. As in all the WRA camps, former doctors, nurses, dentists, and other healthcare workers found work at the camp hospital, although they were paid significantly less than their white coworkers — and fellow internees often pooled money to subsidize their low wages.</p><br>
<p>Most of the work in Granada was directed at agricultural production, however. Like most of the other WRA camps, the land surrounding the residential areas were devoted to farming and raising livestock. The WRA budget restricted the per-inmate food allotment to 45 cents a day, partly to avoid the complaints of "coddling" and partly because the camp was intended to be mostly self-sufficient in its food production. These efforts proved especially successful at Granada, where internee laborers produced enough to feed the entire camp population and send the surplus to the USA Army and other camps. (In 1943, for example, Granada farmers grew 4 million pounds of vegetables.)</p><br>
<p>Internee leaders set up a separate Amache District for Boy Scouts at the camp. These Scouts still flew the American flag, notwithstanding the treatment they and their families had received from the government, as seen in the photograph at left of a Boy Scout Memorial Day parade at the camp.</p><br>
<h2>Present-day</h2><br>
<p>Today the camp is a lonely, desolate place on the high prairie, covered by scrubby vegetation and small cacti. All but one of the buildings were removed, many having been sold at auction and hauled off. The sole remaining original building is a pumphouse beside the main water tank, both of which are still in use. Cement foundations of most of the buildings remain, and the site is largely undisturbed, though the land was sold at auction (rather than being returned to the original owners). Signs have been posted to show locations of schools, laundries, dining halls, clinics, fire station, etc. The highway signs identify the site only as Camp Amache.</p><br>
<p>In the southwest corner of the camp is a small cemetery and memorial dedicated to the Japanese Americans from there who volunteered to fight in Europe in World War II. Nisei from all the camps were in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the most decorated unit of its size in American military history. A large stone memorial with men&#39;s names engraved in it sits in the cemetery in memory of those who died defending the USA in the 442nd. The graves at the cemetery are only of children who died while at the camp.</p><br>
<p>Since 1990, the Amache Preservation Society, a Granada high school group, has worked on preservation of the site and its documents. As a school project, Granada Undivided High School students have set up a museum for the Granada War Relocation Center.</p><br>
<p>On December 21, 2006, President George W. Bush signed H.R. 1492 into law guaranteeing $38,000,000 in federal money to restore the Granada relocation center and nine other former Japanese American internment camps.</p><br>
<h2>Notable internees</h2><br>
<p>Kaneji Domoto (1913&ndash;2002), an architect and landscape architect</p><br>
<p>Robert S. Hamada (born 1937), the Edward Eagle Brown Distinguished Service Professor of Finance and former Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business</p><br>
<p>Mike Honda (born 1941), an American politician</p><br>
<p>Lawson Fusao Inada (born 1938), an American poet. Also interned at Jerome</p><br>
<p>Yasuhiro Ishimoto (1921&ndash;2012), an influential photographer</p><br>
<p>Joseph Ishikawa (born 1919), an art museum director at Michigan State University and community activist</p><br>
<p>Kiyoshi K. Muranaga (1922&ndash;1944), a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Yuriko Nakai (born 1932), an American water color artist and author</p><br>
<p>Walter Oi (1929&ndash;2013), the Elmer B. Milliman Professor of Economics at the University of Rochester and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Okamura (1932&ndash;2009), a screen print artist</p><br>
<p>Sab Shimono (born 1943), an actor. Also interned at Tule Lake.</p><br>
<p>Pat Suzuki (born 1930), a popular singer and actress</p><br>
<p>Edison Uno (1929&ndash;1976), a Japanese American civil rights advocate. Also interned at the Crystal City Internment Camp.</p><br>
<p>George Yuzawa (1915&ndash;2011), a community activist</p><br>
<h2>In media</h2><br>
<p>Author Sandra Dallas uses Granada as the basis of her fictional work Tallgrass.</p><br>
<p>Lily Yuriko Nakai Havey, an internee at Amache, published a memoir of her time in the camp, "Gasa Gasa Girl Goes to Camp," in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Hazel Green Academy was a school in the little village of Hazel Green, eastern Wolfe County, eastern Kentucky. It was established in 1880 by a Charter from the Kentucky Legislature. The bill was introduced by a Hazel Green citizen, Senator W.O. Mize. The Founders of the school were Mize and his wife, Hazel Green merchant, J. Taylor Day, and Green Berry Swango.</p><br>
<p>The first classes were held in the Hazel Green Masonic Hall, before a permanent school building was erected downtown in 1885. N. B. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Hays was the first principal. He was later the Attorney General of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>At the invitation of the Founders, in 1886, the Kentucky Christian Woman&#39;s Board of Missions (CWBM), a sisterhood of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), assumed operation of the financially ailing school. The magnitude of the undertaking as the "Kentucky Mountain Mission" caused the Kentucky Board to appeal to the National CWBM at Indianapolis for support. By 1919, the CWBM was enveloped in the new United Christian Missionary Society (UCMS) which sponsored the Academy.</p><br>
<p>The school closed its doors August 31, 1983. Its last Director was Dr. Robert "Sandy" Goodlett and the last Principal was Rev. Bob Dailey. Dailey was the principal, 1980-83. Before that he was the math and science teacher for two years.</p><br>
<p>In its earlier years, the Academy was called the "Athens of the West" and the "Mother Mountain School" as it preceded other private, missionary and public schools in its 20 county service area by several years.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Academy complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, qualifying because of its significant place in the area&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cordillera Central , is the main mountain range in Puerto Rico. The range crosses the island from west to east and divides the island into northern and southern coastal plains.</p><br>
<p>Cordillera Central runs eastward from Maricao in the west to Aibonito in the central eastern Puerto Rico region and on to the outskirts of the Sierra de Cayey. Sierra de Cayey is an extension of Cordillera Central that begins in the town of Cayey and runs eastwardly to Humacao. The Sierra de Cayey "extension" ends in a fork with two lower ranges: Sierra Guardarraya and Cuchillas de Panduras which run eastward to Yabucoa and Patillas respectively.</p><br>
<p>Another Cordillera Central eastern branch, Sierra de Luquillo, runs northeastwardly from Gurabo to Fajardo and includes several high peaks, including Toro Hill, at 3,524 ft (1,074 m), El Yunque at 3,494 ft (1,065 m) and El Pico Oeste at 3,446 ft (1,056 m).</p><br>
<h2>Mountains in the Cordillera Central range</h2><br>
<p>&=Not in Cordillera Central. Placement here for reference only.</p><br>
<p>Mount Alexander is a mountain that is located approximately 125 km north-west of Melbourne, near the small town of Harcourt. It rises 350 metres above the surrounding area to a level of 744 metres above sea level. Being a prominent local landmark, the mountain has its name associated with the surrounding district once known as the Mount Alexander goldfields, and presently defined as the Shire of Mount Alexander, centred on Castlemaine. Most of the mountain is included within the boundaries of the Mount Alexander Regional Park managed by Parks Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Transmission facilities</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has a number of transmission sites including:</p><br>
<p>Broadcast Tower</p><br>
<p>Southern Cross site</p><br>
<p>Mt Alexander</p><br>
<p>Telstra site</p><br>
<p>Optus Site Summit</p><br>
<p>Victoria Police site</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain, known as Lanjanuc to the Jaara Jaara people, was the location of a sacred ceremonial ground and used as an outlook.</p><br>
<p>The first European to climb the peak was Major Thomas Mitchell on 28 September 1836 during his journey of exploration through Australia Felix. He named it Mount Byng, after John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford, a Field Marshal during the Peninsular War, but soon changed it to honour Alexander the Great, emperor of ancient Macedonia. Overlander Edward John Eyre camped the north-west slope of Mount Alexander on 8 February 1838</p><br>
<p>Despite having lent its name to the most famous gold-rush of the years 1851 and 1852 the mountain is not gold-bearing country. The underlying rock is granidiorite.</p><br>
<p>A large outcrop of granite boulders on the western slopes of Mount Alexander is known as Dog Rocks. The manager of Sutton Grange Station, Lockhart Morton, named these rocks in 1846 because they were the favourite lair of packs of dingoes. This is now a popular abseiling site. Shepherds Flat Lookout also attained its name in the pastoral, pre-gold rush era.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Tolmer established a gold escort route between Mount Alexander and Adelaide to serve South Australian gold miners in the early 1850s (the first arrived in Adelaide on 20 March 1852 with around 600 lb of gold, the second, with 1,620 lb on 4 May 1852; it also carried mail between diggers and their Adelaide families)</p><br>
<p>Large scale quarrying of granite on the mountain started in 1859 with stone supplied to the Melbourne to Echuca Railway. Cornish quarryman Joseph Blight had arrived in the colony in 1855 and achieved some success in quartz reef mining at Eureka Reef. He then turned to quarrying at Mount Alexander, at first providing stone for the railway. He began to work the Blight&#39;s Quarry site in 1862 Harcourt Granite has earned a reputation as a first-rate building/dimensional stone. It is used for building and monumental work, with waste stone being cut for spalls.</p><br>
<p>A huge bonfire constructed on the summit was lit to honour the visit of the then Duke of Edinburgh in 1867</p><br>
<p>Large areas on Mount Alexander were reserved for use by the Victorian Ladies Sericulture Company. Under the leadership of Mrs Bladen Neill, and her manager Mrs Jessie Grover twenty acres were fenced, cleared and planted with mulberry trees. A stone cottage was built and the rearing of silkworms commenced. A quantity of silk was produced but the unsuitability of the situation forced the abandonment of the enterprise in 1876</p><br>
<p>A granite cairn marking the summit was built in 1876 and serves as a trigonometric station.</p><br>
<p>Upon the relief of Mafeking the young men of the district erected and lit a bonfire on the summit, this was visible for a very great distance. Also in 1900 the Lands Department cleared 20 acres at the foot of Mount Alexander at what was known as Picnic Gully and planted a variety of oaks, predominantly valonia oaks, to supply tanning material to local tanneries. In 1910 the first plantation of pinus insignus (Pinus radiata) was established south of the Oak Forest and the strong demand by Harcourt Fruit Growers led to the subsequent expansion of the plantation to provide wood for packing cases. These plantations were harvested for the final time following the leasing of the plantation areas to Hancock Victorian Plantations. The area occupied by the pine trees is being revegetated with native species.</p><br>
<p>Target Rock is a notable feature of the north-west slopes, marking the site of a rifle range utilised by the militia between the Boer War & World War I.</p><br>
<p>Langs Lookout commemorates the efforts of James H. Lang, to have a tourist road constructed across the top of the range. In 1928, Lt-Col. Lang, in his Buick piloted by Alan Lang, and Cr J. R. Duggan in his Chevrolet, accompanied by the Hon H. S. W. Lawson, proceeded across the mount in a zig-zag fashion to prove that such a road was feasible. The party stopped at this lookout before travelling on to the other end of the range. The road that they pioneered is now known as Joseph Young Drive, in honour of the long-serving Metcalfe Shire councillor.</p><br>
<p>In an attempt to return native fauna to the mount, a Koala Park was established in 1943. The park was stocked with koalas from Phillip Island and managed by a committee of local residents. This park was later relocated and enlarged. It was abandoned in 2009. Leanganook picnic facilities are located near the entrance to the former Koala Park.</p><br>
<p>Mount Alexander hosts a unique member of the brassica genus called southern shepherd&#39;s purse (ballantinia antipoda). This tiny plant grows in small patches of moss on granite outcrops in damp locations. Ballantinia antipoda has become extinct in all other documented sites in Victoria. The plant is nationally recognised as a threatened species.</p><br>
<p>Mount Alexander has many recreational walking tracks, ranging in degree of difficulty from the easy to the challenging.</p><br>
<p>Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, commonly called "Haystack," is a craft school located at 89 Haystack School Drive on the coast of Deer Isle, Maine.</p><br>
<p>Haystack was founded in 1950 by a group of craft artists in the Belfast, Maine area, with support from Mary Beasom Bishop. It took its name from its original location near Haystack Mountain, in Montville, Maine. In 1961 the school was moved to its current campus on Deer Isle.</p><br>
<p>The campus and buildings were designed by architect Edward Larrabee Barnes, and consists of 34 buildings clustered onto 8 acre of the more than 40 acre campus property, located on Stinson&#39;s Neck, an appendage extending southeast from the main part of the island of Deer Isle. The buildings were designed by Barnes to fit well within their environment, and to provide views of the surrounding land- and seascape. In 1994, the school campus won the "Twenty-five Year Award" from the American Institute of Architects. The award is given to a structure (or in this case, several structures) whose construction and original intent have withstood the test of time. The school was honored again in 2005 when the campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Haystack offers summer workshops of one to three weeks in blacksmithing, clay, fibers, glass, graphics, metals, and wood. The school has no permanent faculty; the workshops are taught by visiting professors and artists from around the United States. Haystack does not award academic degrees. In addition to offering traditional tools and facilities for crafts, Haystack is a member of MIT&#39;s Fab Lab network.</p><br>
<p>Lake Muskoka is located between Port Carling and Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada. The lake is surrounded by many cottages. The lake is primarily within the boundary of the Township of Muskoka Lakes, the southeast corner is within the boundary of the Town of Gravenhurst and another small portion around the mouth of the Muskoka River is within the boundary of the Town of Bracebridge. The town of Bala is located on the southwest shores of the lake, where the Moon River starts. Lake Muskoka is connected to Lake Rosseau through the Indian River and lock system at Port Carling. The lake is mainly fed by the Muskoka River, Lake Joseph and Lake Rosseau.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native people</h3><br>
<p>First mention of Muskoka in any records is in 1615 and the territory was occupied by indigenous peoples, mainly consisting of the Algonquin and Huron tribes. Early explorers to the region like Samuel De Champlain came to the area next followed by Missionaries. The name Muskoka is thought to come from the name of a Chippewa tribe chief named Mesqua Ukee which means "not easily turned back in the day of battle". Also known as Chief Yellowhead, it was Mesqua Ukee who signed the treaties made between the indigenous peoples and Province of Canada which sold about 250,000 acre of land in the area to the Province. He was so revered by the Ontario government that they built a home for him in Orillia where he lived until his death at age 95.</p><br>
<p>Geography drove history in the Muskoka region. Studded with lakes and abundant with rocks the land offered an abundance of fishing, hunting, and trapping, but was poorly suited to farming. Largely the land of the Ojibwa people, European inhabitants ignored it while settling the more promising area south of the Severn River. The Ojibwa leader associated with the area was Mesqua Ukie for whom the land was probably named. The tribe lived south of the region, near present day Orillia and used Muskoka as their hunting grounds. Another Ojibwa tribe lived in the area of Port Carling which was called Obajewanung. The tribe moved to Parry Sound around 1866.</p><br>
<h3>European arrival</h3><br>
<p>Largely unsettled until the late 1760s the European presence in the region was largely limited to seasonal fur trapping, but no significant trading settlements were established. Canadian government interest increased following the American Revolution when, fearing invasion from its new neighbor to the south the government began exploring the region in hopes of finding travel lanes between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay In 1826 Lieutenant Henry Briscoe became the first white man known to have crossed the middle of Muskoka. David Thompson drew the first maps of the area in 1837, camped at the present-day Bala during the evening of August 13/14, 1837, and later possibly camped near present day Beaumaris.</p><br>
<p>Canada experienced heavy European immigration in the mid-19th century, especially from Ireland which experienced famine in the 1840s. As the land south of the Severn was settled, the government planned to open the Muskoka region further north to settlement. Logging licenses were issued in 1866 which opened Monck Township to logging. The lumber industry expanded rapidly denuding huge tracts of the area, but also prompting the development of road and water transportation. The railroad pushed north to support the industry, reaching Gravenhurst in 1875 and Bracebridge in 1885. Road transportation took the form of the Muskoka Colonization Road, begun in 1858 and reaching Bracebridge in 1861. The road was roughly hewn from the woods and was of corduroy construction, meaning logs were placed perpendicular to the route of travel to keep carriages from sinking in the mud and swamps. Needless to say this made for extremely rugged travel. The lumbering industry spawned a number of ancillary developments, including as mentioned, transport, but also settlements began springing up to supply the workers and Bracebridge, (formerly North Falls) saw some leather tanning businesses develop. Tanners used the bark from lumber to tan hides thereby using what otherwise would be a waste product.</p><br>
<p>The passages of the Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 brought opened the era of widespread settlement to Muskoka. Settlers could receive free land if they agreed to clear the land, have at least 15 acre under cultivation, and build a 16 by 20 ft house. Settlers under the Homestead Act, however, found the going hard. Clearing 15 acre of dense forest is a huge task, but once the land was clear they were greeted with Muskoka&#39;s ubiquitous rocks, which themselves had to be cleared. The soil in the region turned out to be poorly suited to farming consisting largely of a dense clay. As news of the difficult conditions spread back to the south it looked as though development in Muskoka might falter but for a fortuitous development. In a time when the railroads had not yet arrived and road travel was notoriously unreliably and uncomfortable, the transportation king was the steamship. Once a land connection was made to the southern part of the lake in Gravenhurst the logging companies could harvest trees along the entire lakefront with relative ease, so long as they had the means of powering the harvest back to the sawmills in Gravenhurst.</p><br>
<h3>The steamship era</h3><br>
<p>Alexander Cockburn, sometimes called the Father of Muskoka, began placing steamers on the lake.</p><br>
<p>Starting with the Wenonah, Ojibwa for first daughter, in 1866 Cockburn pressed the government to open the entire Muskoka lake system to navigation by installing locks in Port Carling and opening a cut between Lake Rosseau and Lake Joseph at Port Sanfield. The government was eager to reinforce development in light of the faltering agricultural plan, and built the locks in Port Carling in 1871. Now Cockburn&#39;s steamers had access to the entire lake system. Through the years he added more ships and when he died in 1905, his Muskoka Navigation Company was the largest of its kind in Canada.</p><br>
<p>In 1860 two young men, John Campbell and James Bain Jr made a journey that marked them as perhaps the first tourists in the region. Taking the Northern Railway to lake Simcoe, they took the steamer Emily May up the lake to Orillia, rowed across Lake Couchiching, and walked up the Colonization Road to Gravenhurst where they vacationed. They liked what they saw and repeated the journey every year bringing friends and relatives. These early tourist pioneers increased demand for transport services in the region, drawn by excellent fishing, natural beauty, and an air completely free of ragweed providing relief for hay fever sufferers (reference needed). Early tourists built camps, but were joined by others desiring better accommodations. Farmers who were barely scratching a living from the rocky soil soon found demand for overnight accommodations, resulting in the first boarding houses and hotels. The first wilderness hotel was built at the head of Lake Rosseau in 1870, called Rosseau House. It was owned by New Yorker W.H. Pratt. The idea caught on and tourists came establishing the tourist industry as the up-and-coming money earner in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The steamship era gave rise to the area&#39;s great hotels; Rosseau, Royal Muskoka, Windemere, and Beaumaris. The area grew rapidly when the railroad reached Gravenhurst in 1875. Indeed, travel from Toronto, Pittsburgh, and New York became less a matter of endurance than expenditure. Trains regularly made the run from Toronto to Gravenhurst where travelers and their luggage were transferred to the great steamers of the Muskoka Navigation Co. such as the Sagamo. Making regular stops up the lakes, including Bracebridge, Beaumaris, and Port Carling, tourists there could transfer to smaller ships such as the Islander which could enter smaller ports. Vacationers often remained in the region weeks or even months in the summer. As families became seasonally established, they began building cottages near the hotels. At first simple affairs replicating the rustic environment of the early camps, but later grander including in some cases housing for significant staff. Initially cottagers relied on rowboats and canoes for daily transport and would sometimes row substantial distances. Eventually the era of the steam and gasoline launch came and people relied less on muscle power and more on motors. With the boats came the boathouses, often elaborate structures in their own right mimicking in many cases the look and feel of the main cottage.</p><br>
<h3>The coming of the car</h3><br>
<p>World War I caused a significant dip in the tourist activity for the area and hence the economy. Technological advancements in the motorboat and the automobile resulted in greater overall growth of the area and development spread across the area, including the construction of better roads. As vacationers no longer needed the steamships in order to reach the lake, they built cottages farther afield and demand for the steamships dropped. World War II caused another decline as wartime shortages kept many Americans at home and many Canadians were engaged in war activities. Postwar prosperity brought another boom based around the automobile and the newly affordable fiberglas boat. Owning a summer cottage became more attainable for many in the middle class, resulting in further development around the lake. The steamship companies retired their boats one by one until the last sailing in the late 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Aircraft crashes</h2><br>
<p>During World War II a crash into Lake Muskoka occurred involving a Northrop Nomad A-17A, which still contained the remains of British pilot, Peter Campbell, and Canadian pilot, Ted Bates. The pair collided with another Nomad over southern Lake Muskoka and crashed into the lakes icy depths on December 13, 1940 while searching for another pilot that had gone missing in a snow storm the day before. The other plane they crashed into also plunged into the lake; however, it and its two dead crew members were brought to the surface in 1941, leaving Campbell and Bates behind on the lakes 140 foot bottom. Campbell and Bates&#39; bodies were recovered in 2010, and their aircraft, Nomad 3521, was recovered in October, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Between 1942 and 1945, at the Muskoka Airport, the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNAF) trained Norwegian pilots during World War II at what was then called "Little Norway". One of the planes from a training mission crashed off of Norway Point, killing the pilot. The aircraft was accidentally recovered by a cable crew snagging the plane in 1960 and the pilot was found inside. For reasons unknown the plane was cut free and fell back to the bottom with the pilot still inside. Authorities are investigating this site as time allows. The RNAF&#39;s first fatal accident in Muskoka, and the last one recorded by the FTL in Canada, took place August 1944 when a Fairchild PT-19 Cornell trainer with pilot and student aboard lost its wing and crashed into the ground, south of Gravenhurst; both on board died. The bodies were recovered from the dense undergrowth and a wing section was found, but no wreckage was recovered. Not long after, another Fairchild crashed for the same reason, but both occupants escaped by parachute.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Front Resident Advocacy Group</h2><br>
<p>There are many community groups based on Lake Muskoka. The largest of these is the Muskoka Lakes Association (MLA).</p><br>
<h3>Muskoka Lakes Association</h3><br>
<p>The Muskoka Lakes Association is a lake advocacy group that focuses on maintaining the Muskoka area for future generations of cottagers, as Lake Muskoka is a main hub for many cottagers in the area. The Muskoka Lakes association was formed in 1894, therefore has been functioning for over 120 years. The Muskoka Lakes Association also focuses on Lake Muskoka’s sister lakes – Lake Joseph, as well as Lake Rosseau. The MLA currently represents thousands of people in the Muskoka area, both local and seasonal.</p><br>
<p>One of the primary focuses of the MLA is to invest on the quality of the lake itself. They started with the contemporary Water Quality Initiative in 2000, however "early MLA water testing began in 1972&quot over 100 volunteers, in 2013, collected water samples from designated sites in order to facilitate this initiative. These samples are used to analyze various bacteria counts in the water, the amount of dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus, temperature trends, and calcium. In 2013 the MLA collected over 1100 water samples from the Muskoka area. As seen in the 2013 Water Quality Report, the Muskoka Lakes Association focuses on 18 key areas affecting the Lake Muskoka region: Alport Bay, Arundle Lodge, Bala Bay, Beaumaris, Boyd Bay, Browning Island, Dudley Bay, East Bay, Eilean Gowan, Muskoka Bay, Muskoka Sands, North Bay, Stephen’s Bay, Taylor Island, Walker’s Point, Whiteside Bay, and Willow Beach.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the Water Quality Initiative, the Muskoka Lakes Association extends environmental advocacy by holding seminars in partnership with the Muskoka Conservancy as well as the Ontario Trillium Foundation. These seminars act as “ a vehicle to inform shoreline owners on manageable ways to protect the quality of our lakes and rivers and encourage the preservation of natural water’s edge habitats. Lisa Noonan, Office Manager, Muskoka Lakes Association.". The MLA also holds an annual Seedling Day in mid-late spring, where waterfront residents can preorder and purchase native plants to help prevent erosion of their shoreline.</p><br>
<p>Historically the Muskoka Lakes Association has always largely focused on water-based issues, almost 100 years ago the MLA campaigned for the federal government to require all pleasure crafts to have working lights. The many issues that surround safe and respectful boating continue to be a primary concern of the MLA. The MLA aims to reduce boating issues through their partnership with BOATsmart!, by encouraging boaters to receive proper and practical boating instructions. The MLA does so by providing discounts to MLA members towards BOATsmart! boating courses. The Muskoka Lakes Association is also a founding partner of Safe and Quiet Lakes, which is “an association of volunteers who strive for safe and quiet lakes. Through dialogue, education and advocacy, talented and committed volunteers promote safe, respectful and environmentally conscientious boating practices.”</p><br>
<p>For over a century Lake Muskoka has been a cottaging destination – a place where people can come together to relax on the dock. The Muskoka Lakes Association is invested in protecting the traditional aspects of cottaging life, they are hosts of: the annual MLA Aquatic Regatta, "the oldest continuousely run co-ed regatta in North America&quot the annual MLA Sailing Regatta; as well as, the biennial MLA Antique Boat Show. The traditions of the Muskoka Lakes Association “offer the opportunity to recognize the contributions of a few individuals or groups who have served to preserve Muskoka heritage.”</p><br>
<p>The Muskoka Lakes Association also provides an Advantage Card system. This card is offered exclusively to members of the MLA, and provides cardholders with discounts at over 120 “restaurants, retailers and service providers throughout the region”. Each retailer creates a personalized offer that cardholders can reap the benefits of, a leading asset of the card being discounts for safe boating courses, as mentioned above. “Phil Harding introduced the concept of the MLA Advantage Card” and by 2010 Brian McElwain had the program up and running.</p><br>
<p>The Muskoka Lakes Association also supports local youth with the Bursary Program. The MLA bursary was launched in 2013 with the aspirations of helping a local high school student each year, by providing funds towards postsecondary tuition. The bursary consists of $5000, which is given to the selected student over his or her first two years of university. In addition to the $5000, the student is also offered summer employment at the MLA office after the completion of his or her first year of schooling. Preference is given to students, who demonstrate values similar to those of the Muskoka Lakes Association, “the environment and water quality, political science, land use planning, recreation and leisure, and communications and marketing”.</p><br>
<h2>Famous cottagers</h2><br>
<p>Eddie and Alex Van Halen</p><br>
<p>Mike Weir</p><br>
<p>Nancy Dolman</p><br>
<p>Steven Spielberg</p><br>
<p>Tom Hanks</p><br>
<p>Kevin O&#39;Leary</p><br>
<p>Derek Roy</p><br>
<p>Edward Norton</p><br>
<p>Goldie Hawn Kurt Russell</p><br>
<p>Kristin Booth</p><br>
<p>The Turtle Mountains , are located in northeastern San Bernardino County, in the southeastern part of California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Turtle Mountains are 30 mi southwest of Needles, California, west off of USA Highway 95; with Vidal Junction close on the southeast, Twentynine Palms to the east, and Blythe to the south. The Turtle Mountains are considered part of the greater Lower Colorado River Valley region.</p><br>
<p>The range is directly west of and connected with the Mopah Range. They lie in a north-south direction east of Ward Valley and the Old Woman Mountains. They are west of the Whipple Mountains and Colorado River. The Turtle Mountains reach an elevation of 4,231 ft above sea level at Bolson Peak. They are a registered National Natural Landmark in recognition of their exceptional natural values.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Turtle Mountains are one of several ranges that constitute the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt. The Maria Fold and Thrust Belt underwent generally thick-skinned (involving basement rocks) North-South trending crustal shortening in the Cretaceous, followed by generally East-West trending large-scale crustal extension in the Miocene. This North-South shortening is anomalous, as crustal shortening in the rest of the North American Cordillera is oriented generally East-West because of the generally East-West compression that was due to the subduction of the Farallon plate under western North America. Also unlike the rest of the North American Cordillera, deformation in the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt involved rocks of the North American Craton, most notably the Grand Canyon sequence of sedimentary rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Turtle Mountains Wilderness Area</h2><br>
<p>The Turtle Mountains Wilderness Area ranges from broad bajadas to highly eroded volcanic peaks, spires, and cliffs. The colorful Turtle Mountains vary from deep reds, browns, tans and grays, to black. The area has numerous springs and seeps. The Turtle Mountains are also a National Natural Landmark, with two mountain sections of entirely different composition.</p><br>
<h3>Natural history</h3><br>
<p>The Turtle Mountains are located in an ecological transition zone between the Mojave Desert (High Desert) and Colorado Desert region of the Sonoran Desert (Low Desert) and therefore contains a high diversity of plant and animal species. The Turtle Mountain range is a northern or southern delimiter of occurrence for some species; for example the endangered California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera, encounters the northern limit of its range in the Mopah-Turtle Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Dominant vegetation in the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Area consists of the creosote bush-bur sage with Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and the palo verde-cactus shrub ecosystems with the Palo Verde tree (Parkinsonia microphylla). In the washes, Colorado/Sonoran microphylla woodlands can be found. These woodlands include such things as Smoke Tree (Psorothamnus spinosus), Honey Mesquite (Prosopis velutina), and Catclaw (Acacia greggii).</p><br>
<p>Wildlife species include Desert Bighorn Sheep, coyote, black-tailed jackrabbits, ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, quail, roadrunners, golden eagles, prairie falcons, rattlesnakes, the Desert Tortoise and several species of lizards.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>Hiking, horseback riding, camping, rock hounding, photography, and backpacking can be enjoyed in this wilderness. The area is popular with rock hounding hobbyists and is nationally known for chalcedony specimens in a form known as "Mopah Roses." The natural palm oases of Coffin, Mopah, and Mohawk Springs, are popular hiking destinations.</p><br>
<p>The San Luis Reservoir is an artificial lake on San Luis Creek in the eastern slopes of the Diablo Range of Merced County, California, approximately 12 mi west of Los Banos on State Route 152, which crosses Pacheco Pass and runs along its north shore. It is the fifth largest reservoir in California. The reservoir stores water taken from the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta. Water is pumped uphill into the reservoir from the O&#39;Neill Forebay which is fed by the California Aqueduct and is released back into the forebay to continue downstream along the aqueduct as needed for farm irrigation and other uses. Depending on water levels, the reservoir is approximately nine miles long from north to south at its longest point, and five miles  wide. At the eastern end of the reservoir is the San Luis Dam, or the B.F. Sisk Dam, the fourth largest embankment dam in the United States, which allows for a total capacity of 2,041,000 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1967 on land formerly part of Rancho San Luis Gonzaga, the 12,700 acre reservoir is a joint use facility, being a part of both the California State Water Project and Central Valley Project, which together form a network of reservoirs, dams, pumping stations, and 550 mi of canals and major conduits to move water across California. The San Luis Reservoir is located in Merced County, and has a visitor center located at the Romero Outlook where visitors can learn more about the dam and reservoir. The surface of the reservoir lies at an elevation of approximately 544 ft, with the ONeill Forebay below the dam at 225 ft above sea level. This elevation difference allows for a hydroelectric plant to be constructed - the Gianelli Hydroelectric Plant. Power from this plant is sent to a Path 15 substation, Los Banos via a short power line. Those 500 kV wires, carrying both the power generated here and elsewhere, leave the area and cross the ONeill Forebay on several man-made islands.</p><br>
<p>San Luis Reservoir also supplies water to 63,500 acre of land in the Santa Clara Valley west of the Coast Ranges. San Justo Dam stores water diverted from San Luis Reservoir through the Pacheco Tunnel and Hollister Conduit, which travel through the Diablo Range. A separate canal, the Santa Clara Tunnel and Conduit, carries water to the Coyote Pumping Station in the Santa Clara Valley.</p><br>
<h2>San Luis Reservoir State Recreation Area</h2><br>
<p>San Luis Reservoir is part of the larger San Luis Reservoir State Recreation Area (California State Parks) and therefore offers many recreational opportunities for fishermen, boaters, and campers. The park is patrolled by California State Park Peace Officers by vehicle, vessel, and off-highway vehicle. In addition to camping and boating, day use picnic areas are available at San Luis Creek, and an off-highway vehicle (OHV) area is available east of the main area at the intersection of Gonzaga Road and Jaspar-Sears Road.</p><br>
<p>Camping is available at four campgrounds.</p><br>
<p>The Basalt Campground on the south-eastern edge of the lake with 79 developed family campsites. Water faucets are available nearby, and some sites can handle RV&#39;s to a length of 40 ft.</p><br>
<p>San Luis Creek Campground on O&#39;Neill Forebay with 53 sites with water and electric hook-ups.</p><br>
<p>Medeiros Campground has primitive campsites along the southern shoreline of O&#39;Neill Forebay. This campground has drinking water at three locations and chemical toilets.</p><br>
<p>Los Banos Creek Campground has primitive campsites and limited turn-around space. It is not suitable for trailers or motor homes. Drinking water and chemical toilets are available.</p><br>
<p>Improved boat launch ramps are offered at Dinosaur Point and the Basalt area. Due to the reservoir&#39;s water being imported from the Sacramento River Delta, San Luis shares many of its fish species with that area, including largemouth bass, striped bass, crappie, bluegill, shad, yellow perch, and occasional sturgeon and salmon.</p><br>
<p>The lake is noted for its high winds and has wind warning lights at Romero Outlook, Basalt Campground, and Quien Sabe Point.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The National Weather Service has maintained a cooperative weather station at San Luis Dam since 1963. Based on those records, average January temperatures are a maximum of 54.3 &deg;F and a minimum of 37.9 &deg;F and average July temperatures are a maximum of 92 &deg;F and a minimum of 64.0 °F. There are an average of 69.3 days with highs of 90 &deg;F or higher and an average of 14.1 days with lows of 32 &deg;F or lower. The record high temperature was 110 &deg;F on July 24, 2006, and the record low temperature was 14 &deg;F on December 22, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Average annual precipitation is 10.36 in. There are an average of 57 days annually with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1998 with 25.06 in and the driest year was 1989 with 4.88 in. The most precipitation in one month was 9.03 in in February 1998. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 3.70 in on May 6, 1998. Snow rarely falls at the reservoir, but 1.2 in of snow fell on January 9, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Buca Bay is an isolated area on the Fijian island of Vanua Levu. The four villages within this bay are Vunikura, Loa, Buca and Tukavesi. It serves as a terminus for ferries that cross between Vanua Levu and Taveuni.</p><br>
<p>Electricity is an uncertain factor in Buca Bay, with different villages opting for different source of power including village generator, individual private generator, solar power and Hydro.</p><br>
<p>Most inhabitants are small farmers, or try to make a living working in other cities or villages in Vanua Levu. Buca Bay is accessible by bus from Savusavu, about 65 km away via the Hibiscus Highway. Upgrading of the rural road was announced in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Opposite the bay is the island of Kioa, inhabited by Tuvaluans relocated due to overcrowding and lack of adequate food supplies on their home island. The island of Rabi is also visible from Buca Bay.</p><br>
<p>Natuvu is the site of a new clinic (The Mission at Natuvu Creek), specializing in eye, dental and non-invasive medical treatment. The clinic was scheduled to be operational in February 2008 with water and fuel service at the jetty for yachts and boats. Permanent moorings for short term stays were also planned.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ledinci  was a small artificial lake on the mountain of Fruška Gora, near Novi Sad, in the Srem region of the Vojvodina province of Serbia.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, when pumps in the abandoned trachyte quarry of Srebro were damaged and stopped pumping the water out of the quarry. The subterranean waters, so as the waters from two creeks, Lukin Svetac and Srebrni potok began filling the quarry.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The lake covers an area of 4 hectares and it is surrounded by steep cliffs from most sides, with a slope on the rest, allowing the swimmers to enter. It is bean-shaped, with length of about 400 metres and greatest width of about 100 m. The average depth is 15 m, and the biggest already reached 50 m. It lies on altitude of 300 m. The water is characteristically green and clear, due to constant influx from feeding springs, and chilly even in hot summer days.</p><br>
<p>As the lake has no outflow, the water level continuously rose and represented a threat for the village of Stari Ledinci.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In late 1990s and early 2000s, exploitation rights on the lake were under a multilateral dispute by the local community, City of Novi Sad, the mining company "Alas" registered in Rakovac, which owned the quarry exploitation rights, and the public company guiding the National park of Fruška gora. Due to frequent incoherent court and municipality decisions, the lake was at threat of disappearing at a moment, because the mining company required to be back in possession, and the lake was deemed unsafe due to possible water breakthrough. The rumours in 2006 that the rights for the continuing use of quarry were sold to a certain Austrian firm were repudiated by the National park of Fruška Gora management, saying that Assembly of Vojvodina already adopted a plan to keep the lake. Ultimatively, the disputes ended in favor of retaining the lake, which presents one of pearls of the National park, and making it a touristic resort.</p><br>
<p>The future of the lake is uncertain. In the period of 2001-2006, it was a small touristic resort, and the local community of Stari Ledinci village and the company that run it were ambitious to expand the tourist services. However, in June 2006, an avalanche from the stone walls injured several swimmers, and the public access to the lake was forbidden. Subsequently, the Republic Inspection for Environment Protection ordered the lake to be immediately emptied (as the old order from 2002 was not carried out), as the water level reached the edges, and started leaking out. Also, the Republic Bureau of Environmental Protection issued an opinion that the further stone exploitation must be ceased in the first phase, with appropriate protection and biological cultivation works performed, and the lake&#39;s purpose to be changed to a recreation site in the second phase.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009 the lake was emptied, and Alas continued operating the quarry after getting permits from the relevant ministries. The company claims that after the permit expires in 8 to 10 years, it will be recultivated and again turned into a lake, and be an anchor of future spectacular nature park. Ecologists and villagers remained suspicious toward those plans.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, Zdravko Čolić recorded a video for his song "Ao, nono bijela" at the site of Lake Ledinci.</p><br>
<p>On the lake were recorded scenes for the film "We are not angels 3: Rockn roll strike back" (2006), And "Charleston for Ognjenka"(2008).</p><br>
<p>Pihlajasaari  is an island in Helsinki, the capital of Finland.</p><br>
<p>Pihlajasaari actually consists of two separate islands connected with a bridge. The islands can only be reached by boat, and in summer there is a privately operated commuter boat travelling between Kaivopuisto and Pihlajasaari every couple of hours.</p><br>
<p>Pihlajasaari is an outdoor island with no permanent residents. It is mostly intended as a holiday resort. One of the two islands offers large beaches for swimming and sunbathing, and its own restaurant.</p><br>
<p>On the other island there is a camping area, and also a unisex nudist beach, one of only two in the entire country (the other is in Pori). Unlike the main beaches in Pihlajasaari, the nudist beach consists almost entirely of bare cliffs with very little sand.</p><br>
<p>Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary was an American seminary preparatory school administered by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago for young men considering the priesthood. Located in downtown Chicago at 103 East Chestnut Street, adjacent to Loyola University Chicago&#39;s Water Tower campus, it closed on 22 June 2007, and became the Archbishop Quigley Center, the pastoral center and headquarters of the archdiocese after renovations ending 19 November 2008. Between 1961 and 1990, the seminary was split into two campuses: Quigley South and Quigley North, with Quigley North housed at the original building. The south campus was closed in 1990, with all seminary operations returning to the original building.</p><br>
<p>The predecessor of the school, Cathedral College of the Sacred Heart, was founded in 1905. Cardinal George Mundelein announced plans in 1916 for the building of a preparatory seminary at Rush and Chestnut Streets in downtown Chicago, and named the school in honor of his predecessor, Archbishop James Edward Quigley.</p><br>
<p>Echoing the educational theories of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Cardinal Mundelein surrounded Quigley students with great architectural beauty:</p><br>
<p>"This will unquestionably be the most beautiful building here in Chicago, not excluding the various buildings of the University of Chicago."</p><br>
<p>Quigleys Chapel of St. James, with stained glass modeled after Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was dedicated upon the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Archdiocese of Chicago and the twenty-fifth anniversary of Mundeleins priestly ordination on 10 June 1920. Designed by architect Zachary Taylor Davis, with stained glass by Robert Giles of the John J. Kinsella Company of Chicago, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1996. The American Institute of Architects Guide to Chicago has termed the stained glass of the Quigley Chapel "dazzling."</p><br>
<p>The Quigley seminaries have educated almost 2,500 priests, two cardinals, over forty-one bishops, two Vatican II periti, separate recipients of the Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, and, in sports, two members of the Basketball Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Archbishop James E. Quigley began plans for a minor seminary in Chicago in July 1903, shortly after his installation. Only 417 diocesan and 149 order priests then served Chicagos 252 parishes, with a city population nearing 1.7 million, and with the archdioceses then boundaries extending across northern Illinois. Quigley recruited Rev. Francis Andrew Purcell to head the new minor seminary, and dispatched him to the College Propaganda Fide in Rome to earn a doctorate in divinity.</p><br>
<p>The site of the new seminary at Wabash, then Cass Avenue and Superior Street, was opened on 2 October 1905, upon Purcells return, and named Cathedral College of the Sacred Heart. Following the European seminary practice of being sited in the midst of the city center of ministry, it also followed the practice of school on Saturday, with Thursday off. No tuition was charged for the first 52 freshmen recruited and admitted upon the nomination of their pastor. Nine other priests, all with either Irish or German surnames, served as the faculty. It became the established tradition of Chicagos minor seminaries that financial want should not prevent a seminarian from attending.</p><br>
<p>Quigley purchased land on the far West Side of Chicago, in todays Austin neighborhood, for a future major seminary, and a site at Addison Street and Sheridan Road for a larger minor seminary, since Cathedral College had quickly grown to encompass three buildings. Chicagos rapid expansion made the Austin site unsuitable for a major seminary, and Quigley sold the property to the city for its present use as a portion of the beautiful Columbus Park, later designed by the noted landscape architect Jens Jensen. Quigleys health failed before he could put his plan of seminary development in motion, but at an ecclesiastical event in the Eastern United States prior to his death, Quigley providentially spent an afternoon with George Mundelein, then auxiliary bishop of Brooklyn, describing his plans in detail. Quigley died on 10 July 1915, but his successor Mundelein expanded upon Quigleys vision and put it into action. Upon his being named Archbishop, Mundelein boarded a train on 7 February 1916, with a delegation from his new archdiocese, and headed to Chicago, where he was installed as archbishop two days later.</p><br>
<p>Within a few weeks, on "the feast of the Holy Apostles Phillip and James, 1916", Mundelein wrote to the priests of Chicago:</p><br>
<p>"It is for this reason that in several of the dioceses of the country, the bishops have established the more modern form of the preparatory seminary, where the young boy selected from among his companions by the pastor or confessor, who discerns in him the probable signs of a vocation, the piety, application and intelligence which is required for the candidate for the holy priesthood, even while remaining in the sacred circle of the home and under the watchful eye of a pious mother, is placed apart and educated with those who only look forward to that same great work in life, the priestly field of labor, keeping daily before his mind the sublime vocation of the priesthood, preserving him pure and pious by constant exhortation, by daily assistance at the Holy Sacrifice and by frequent reception of the sacraments."</p><br>
<p>"The buildings are to be in the early French Gothic style of architecture and by reason of the distinct individuality and prominent location, will form a place of interest, not only to visitors, but to all lovers of the City Beautiful. The group will be composed of a main college building, and two ornate wings will be one the chapel, the other the library and gymnasium."</p><br>
<p>Earlier in 1916, Mundelein had purchased a half block of land on Rush Street from Pearson to Chestnut Streets, and later sold the Addison and Sheridan property for $600,000, with a profit of $160,000, in April 1917, with the profit going to build the new Quigley Seminary, and the principal being reserved for the planned new major seminary. With the ground broken in November 1916 and a cornerstone laid at the corner of Pearson and Rush on 16 September 1917, classes were first held at school&#39;s current location in September 1918.</p><br>
<p>Carrying on a precedent established in 1905 in Cathedral College under rector Rev. Francis Andrew "Doc" Purcell (Msgr. in 1922), also Quigley Seminary&#39;s first rector, the new "Quigley Memorial Preparatory Seminary" was established with a five-year program of study (which continued until 1961), but like Cathedral College as a day school, so that Quigley students "would never lose contact with their heritage, their families, their Church."</p><br>
<p>By 1922, Quigley Seminary was already overcrowded, with over 600 students in a building designed to hold 500. A west wing of the building, this time in the Flemish-Gothic style, was begun in March 1925 and completed amazingly by December 1925, increasing the capacity of the school another 500."</p><br>
<p>Msgr. Purcell established the school newspaper, The Candle, its yearbook, Le Petit Seminaire, the Cathedral Choristers (a boys choir which sang at Sunday Masses at Holy Name Cathedral), catechists (who served at parishes), the Beadsmen (who gathered after school and at breaks to pray the Rosary), and the primacy of basketball among Quigley Seminarys intramural and interscholastic sports. By the end of his tenure as rector in 1931, Quigley faculty had grown from ten at Cathedral College in 1905 to forty-two, and the student body had grown from fifty-two in 1905 to 1,030. Quigley&#39;s priest faculty were expected to live in the parishes of the Archdiocese, so as to keep a parish and priestly connection.</p><br>
<p>Msgr. Purcell was succeeded as rector in 1931 by Msgr. Philip Francis Mahoney, who according to the Archdiocesan history, changed little established by Purcell, and whose poor health led to his resignation during the 1934–35 academic year. Mundelein then met with the Quigley faculty and asked for their prayerful individual and confidential recommendations for the rectors position. During the next faculty meeting, Cardinal Mundelein named as Quigleys third rector the faculty choice, Rev. Malachy P. Foley. Msgr. Foley urged Quigley faculty to earn graduate degrees, regularly met personally with students both to praise and correct, expected classroom professionalism, and, according to Archdiocesan historian Msgr. Harry Koenig&#39;s account, "maintained Quigley as a seminary that saw itself as second to no other high school."</p><br>
<h2>Mundelein's "Paperhanger" Speech and His Impact on Quigley</h2><br>
<p>Perhaps the most memorable event in Quigley Seminary&#39;s history came on Tuesday, 18 May 1937, when Cardinal Mundelein, speaking to 500 priests at Quigley during a quarterly diocesan conference, lashed out at Nazi leaders Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, and Hermann Göring for using the pretext of "immorality" and sexual scandals to attack Catholic religious orders, organizations, and German Catholic schools, which at the time educated two million children, saying:</p><br>
<p>The fight is to take the children away from us. If we show no interest in this matter now, if we shrug our shoulders and mutter, Maybe there is some truth in it, or maybe it is not our fight; if we dont back up our Holy Father (Pope Pius XI) when we have a chance, well when our turn comes we, too, will be fighting alone.... Perhaps you will ask how it is that a nation of sixty million people, intelligent people, will submit in fear to an alien, an Austrian paperhanger, and a poor one at that I am told, and a few associates like Goebbels and Göring who dictate every move of the peoples lives...</p><br>
<p>Nazi minister Goebbels, labeled a "crooked minister of propaganda" in the same speech by Mundelein, responded furiously within days at a mass rally with 18,000 attendants, demanding that the Vatican discipline Mundelein, which it refused to do. Nazi attacks on German Catholic institutions intensified, and 200 Catholic newspapers were shut down. In Philadelphia, the International Brotherhood of Painters, Paperhangers, and Decorators for their part took exception to the Cardinals classification of Hitler as a "paperhanger" in any case, despite Mundeleins remarks "he was not a very good one."</p><br>
<p>Mundelein similarly championed Quigley, and personally recruited Catholic families to send their sons into the priesthood, including Frederick and Reynold Henry Hillenbrand, sons of the dentist who treated Mundelein&#39;s niece, and later treated Mundelein himself. In a 2 January 1938 speech to 2,000 members of the Holy Name Society at Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago, Mundelein said:</p><br>
<p>Our place is beside the poor, behind the working man. They are our people; they build our churches, they occupy our pews, their children crowd our schools, our priests come from their sons. They look to us for leadership, but they look to us, too, for support.</p><br>
<p>Chicagos poor and working people comprised many immigrant groups, and Mundelein used his seminaries to break down ethnic barriers among the clergy. Ethnic groups fought back, and demanded concessions from Mundelein to preserve their identity. One such concession was that Quigley students of Polish descent had to learn Polish, a practice that continued from Mundeleins day until 1960.</p><br>
<h2>1940s to 1950s</h2><br>
<p>The Quigley-educated rector and faculty member, Msgr. John W. Schmid, followed Msgr. Foley as the fourth rector in 1944, and expanded the language curriculum, sending professors (Quigley faculty were called "professors" or "profs" for short) to study in Mexico, Canada, and Europe, and added sciences and physical education as requirements. Schmid, seeing the student body of Quigley growing to 1,300</p><br>
<p>near the end of his thirty-one years of service to Quigley as professor and rector in 1955, began a formal study for expansion of the school, and stepped aside so a younger man could lead it. The vigorous and athletic Msgr. Martin M. Howard, another Quigley graduate and professor, fluent in classical languages and Spanish, was named rector on 18 May 1955, by Cardinal Samuel Stritch.</p><br>
<p>According to Msgr. Koenigs account, Msgr. Howard faced the task of fitting four years of high school and two years of college into Quigleys five-year curriculum with a "Sulpician language-school model" of seminary inherited from Msgr. Purcell a half-century previous. With frequent faculty consultation, Howard participated in plans with Cardinal Stritch to convert Quigley to a four-year program, build a second Quigley near Chicagos south suburbs, establish a four-year free-standing college seminary, and shorten the program at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary in Mundelein, Illinois to four years of graduate study. In the mean time, the Archdiocese rented the Ogden School at 39 West Chestnut from the Chicago Board of Education as Quigleys "Annex" to better accommodate the overflow of Quigley&#39;s 1,300 students.</p><br>
<h2>Late 1950s to 1970s</h2><br>
<p>Before Cardinal Stritch could complete the plan for the second Quigley, he died in Rome on 27 May 1958. At the direction of his successor, Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer, a former seminary rector and Milwaukee archbishop named archbishop of Chicago on 19 September 1958, the seminary built a new high school, Quigley Preparatory Seminary South, at 77th Street and Western Avenue, which opened in 1961, with Msgr. Howard named as its first rector. The original Quigley classes of 1960 and 1961 graduated in Spring, 1961, with the new Chicago college seminary, later to be called Niles College, opening that Fall.</p><br>
<p>Cardinal Meyer dedicated the Quigley South Chapel of the Sacred Heart (so named to hearken to the original Chicago minor seminary, Cathedral College of the Sacred Heart), its 40 acre campus, and new facilities for its 869 students on 13 September 1962. For a short period in the early 1960s, both Quigley campuses held joint events, including graduations, in order to instill among the students the spirit of sharing one school.</p><br>
<p>Msgr. John P. ODonnell (Q 41) was named rector of the newly named Quigley Preparatory Seminary North at the original Chestnut Street location in 1961. Msgr. ODonnell encouraged his faculty to seek degrees from many universities, and he himself earned a PhD from Loyola University and a masters degree from the University of Notre Dame, in addition to earlier masters and licentiate degrees from St. Mary of the Lake Seminary. Cardinal Meyer continued the practice of appointing priests to Quigley on the theory that "young seminarians needed a good number of priest-models to make an intelligent decision about their vocations." In 1965, Msgr. ODonnell also led Quigley North in earning accreditation from the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and took steps to make Advanced Placement classes available for students, an action mirrored at Quigley South, the year that Archbishop John Patrick Cody was named to succeed Cardinal Meyer, who had succumbed to cancer on 9 April. Quigley North faced for the first time a problem of declining enrollment, seeing its freshman class decline from 256 in 1962 to 130 in 1967. Declining enrollments brought both Quigley seminaries to consider further changes.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, Cardinal Cody instituted a Chicago seminary system-wide change abolishing the Thursday day off and Saturday school day, which had for decades separated Chicago seminarians and seminary faculty from participating in Saturday social activities, while Quigley faculty voted to alter their own dress code requiring a cassock, in place of other clerical attire. Seminary policies prohibiting seminarian participation in co-educational activities and organizations were also revised in that same year. In 1968, dress codes for both Quigley seminaries requiring a suit coat and tie for students were revised to fit the seasons of the year, and the Quigley seminaries made the necessary arrangements so that Quigley students could join the National Honor Society. After a year-long self-study of the entire Chicago archdiocesan seminary system in 1969, assisted by the Arthur D. Little Company of Boston, Cardinal Cody announced in 1970 a new admissions policy for the Quigley seminaries, which expanded beyond Cardinal Mundelein&#39;s original requirement in 1916 that Quigley students be "educated with those who only look forward to that same great work in life, the priestly field of labor." Boys from two categories would, as of 1971, be admitted to Quigley, "(a.)... who have indicated a desire for the priesthood and who meet the requirements of admissions, and (b.)... who, in the judgment of parish priests, have the kind of character, ability, and temperament which might lead to the personal discovery of a vocation in the priesthood." The new policy also indicated that Quigley North and South should "emphasize the fact that they are contemporary seminaries primarily concerned with the development and encouragement of vocations to the priesthood", and that "a vigorous campaign should be begun, especially on the part of priests, to enroll qualified students."</p><br>
<h2>John Paul II's 1979 Address to Chicago Seminarians at Quigley South</h2><br>
<p>On 5 October 1979, Pope John Paul II visited Quigley South, giving three speeches—one to the bishops of the United States, one to the sick, and one to the minor seminarians of both Quigley schools, to whom he said:</p><br>
<p>Dear seminarians,I extend a special greeting to all of you who are present here today. I want you to know that you have a special place in my thoughts and prayers.</p><br>
<p>Dear sons in Christ: Be strong in your faith--faith in Christ and His Church, faith in all that the Father has revealed and accomplished through His Son and the Holy Spirit.</p><br>
<p>During your years in the minor seminary, you have the privilege of studying and deepening your understanding of the faith. Since Baptism you have lived the faith, aided by your parents, your brothers and sisters, and the whole Christian community. And yet today I call upon you to live by faith even more profoundly. For it is faith in God which makes the essential difference in your lives and in the life of every priest.</p><br>
<p>Be faithful in your daily prayers; they will keep your faith alive and vibrant.</p><br>
<p>Study the faith diligently so that your knowledge of Christ will continually increase.</p><br>
<p>And nourish your faith each day at Mass, for in the Eucharist you have the source and greatest expression of our faith.</p><br>
<p>God bless you.John Paul II added, "See how important you are--The Pope comes to visit you!"</p><br>
<h2>1981–1987 Vianney Hall Experiment</h2><br>
<p>To appeal to suburban enrollment, Quigley North, under the leadership of then Rector Rev. Donald Cusack, established in 1981 an off-campus residence hall called St. John Vianney Hall on the grounds of Angel Guardian Orphanage (AGO) at 2001 West Devon in Chicagos Rogers Park neighborhood. This site sequestered one building in the AGO complex to house and board students from the hinterland of Chicago, Monday through Fridays, during the academic school calendar. All four Quigley classes were represented in these six years. The Vianney priest faculty included Frs. Barnum and Devereaux, who lived at Vianney full-time. Laymen, typically Loyola University students, were offered room and board in exchange for limited duties of moderating the daily activities of residence life, provide curfew enforcement and supervision of the hall members. The suburbs and exurbs were represented: Maywood, Gurnee, Hoffman Estates, Hillside, Olympia Fields, Buffalo Grove, Waukegan, Oak Park, River Grove, Park Ridge and Skokie. The dorm life was regimented by the priests, providing a general wake up call at 6:30 AM, Chapel service at 7 AM, followed by breakfast, hot or cold, prepared by a cook. Classes began at 8:45 AM. The CTA was the students "green and cream limousine." The 155 Devon, 151 Sheridan 147 Express and L trains sped the students to Michigan Avenue and Chestnut. Curfew for returning to the hall was 5:30 PM for dinner. Study hours were 6-8 PM, followed by an evening Chapel service, then free time until "lights out" at 10-10:30 PM. A public phone was supplied. Chapel service was a reading of the days Scriptures and minutes of silent contemplation. An amenity at AGO was a pristine full basketball court (once used by the Chicago Bulls prior to Michael Jordans arrival) which was perfect for recreation and exercise after a full day&#39;s scholastic endeavor. Underclass students were 2 to a room and the Upperclass students were given single rooms. Only one student, Jeff Calabrese of Gurnee, was to have completed all 4 years of education while living at Vianney Hall from the Fall of 1982-Spring of 1986.</p><br>
<p>The residence life included a compulsory chore night: Thursday evening. Laundry, showers and lavatory, kitchen, and recreation areas, etc., were cleaned and repaired from the weeks use. The residence opportunity facilitated a true "college prep" atmosphere. Students, as young as 14, were encouraged to care for ones self with limited supervision. To live in the citys North side, travel its Gold Coast, be schooled in a castle feet from the Mag Mile without daily parental imperatives was an accelerated track to young adulthood, save a Vocations consideration. However, due to financial strains coupled to limited Niles College of Loyola enrollment from the roster of Vianney Hall, the experiment was abandoned. The opportunity for residence life was eliminated in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Some students chose to live in nearby parishes or commit to the lengthy commute. In all, some 20-30 youth spent a portion of their QN careers as residence of Vianney. Remarkably, this annex of QN was barely recognized by the student body as a whole or by faculty. Its mention, existence and mission were somewhat "conspicuous by absence." The progressive creation of a dormitory system to augment vocations was vanguard, and Quigleys only departure from the day-school model established by Cardinal Mundelein. When Jeff Calabrese mentions that he "lived at high school", he still conjures up New England wealthy and upper middle class institutions sole ability to afford this option: live at school. Yet humble Quigley North took courage of its conviction and supplied the avenue for this unique and counter-cultural stance to house its students.</p><br>
<h2>1980s to 2007</h2><br>
<p>While in 1983, Quigley North Rector Rev. Thomas Franzman could report that "45% of our seniors headed on to Niles College ," by December 1989, facing declining enrollment and a reduction in the number of Quigley graduates completing studies for the priesthood, the Archdiocese announced the closure of both Quigley North and Quigley South as of June 1990, combining both schools into Archbishop Quigley Seminary at the original downtown site for the 1990 Fall term. For several weeks in early 1990, Quigley students and alumni from both institutions picketed the mansion of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin and published a full-page ad in the Chicago Sun-Times, but many of the protesters later joined in supporting the combined Archbishop Quigley Seminary. The Quigley South campus was purchased for the new location of St. Rita High School (originally located at 63rd Street and Claremont Avenue). The reorganized Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary would go on to earn national recognition from US News and World Report in 1999 as one of 96 outstanding high schools in America.</p><br>
<p>During the period 1984–1993, Quigley graduated an average of 5.5 students per year who completed the remaining eight years leading to ordination. As of the Fall of 2006, with an enrollment of 183 students, Quigley was the largest of the seven remaining preparatory seminaries in the country.</p><br>
<p>Daily attendance at Mass was required of Quigley students for the greater part of the 20th century, following Cardinal Mundeleins letter of 1916 and John Paul IIs 1979 direction quoted above, but the practice declined during the early 90s, when a weekly Mass was instituted. However, when Rev. Peter Sneig was appointed rector in 2001, per Cardinal George&#39;s decision, prayer was the centerpiece of Quigley once again. Since academic school year of 2000–01, Mass had been an integral part of spiritual growth, being required three days a week with Monday morning prayer and Friday afternoon prayer to begin and end each week.</p><br>
<p>The Archdiocese announced on 19 September 2006 that Quigley&#39;s doors would be shut at the end of the school year in June 2007.</p><br>
<p>After one year of renovation the site was to become home to the new archdiocesan Pastoral Center, containing the offices of the archbishop&#39;s curia and relative church bodies, with a "Quigley Scholars" program being established to support priestly vocations among high school boys.</p><br>
<p>On 15 June 2007, (the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) Quigley closed its door to students at the end of the 2007 academic year.</p><br>
<h2>Culture and Traditions</h2><br>
<p>Beadle—during the Days of the Giants, the student in a Latin classroom designated by the professor to exact discipline and to pass back graded papers, usually the student with the second highest grades in a marking period, but sometimes a student creatively chosen by the professor to motivate the student or the class.</p><br>
<p>Beadsmen—an organization of Quigley students who prayed the Rosary in the chapel together and did service projects. Quigley students up until the 1970s were required to pray the Rosary daily.</p><br>
<p>Big Brother Little Brother Program- For a period of time, Quigley would pair a member of the senior class with an incoming freshman in order for them to become familiar with the school.</p><br>
<p>Candle—the Quigley, and after 1961, the Quigley North student newspaper</p><br>
<p>Cards—See "Give me your card." Said to a group of students committing some disciplinary infraction, such as smoking. The prof would hold out his hand, and simply say to the students, "Cards", or "Cards, please", and the offending students would hand over their demerit cards.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Choristers—the boys choir of Chicagos Holy Name Cathedral populated by Quigley and later Quigley North students during the Days of the Giants. Each entering Bennie was screened at orientation for singing ability, and if he could sing and his voice had not yet changed, his membership in the Cathedral Choristers was mandatory. If his voice had fully changed, he was assigned to the Schola or Glee Club. Founded as the St. George Choral Society in 1918, they became the Cardinal&#39;s Cathedral Choristers in 1931. The Choristers recorded "Carols of the Nations", which was a Christmas program performed at the Cathedral and at Quigley until the Choristers were disbanded in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Chapel—often referring to daily Mass, morning prayer, and afternoon prayer at Archbishop Quigley.</p><br>
<p>Christmas Wreath Toss—During the traditional QN/AQ faculty tree trimming party, usually the first week of Advent, faculty members would take turns in tossing a wreath onto the arm of the statue of John Cardinal Newman in the faculty lounge (aka Tudor Room). If the wreath lands on Cardinal Newmans head or hangs off his finger, the toss is invalid. Often, it will take up to 4-5 rounds before wreath is properly rested on Cardinal Newmans arm.</p><br>
<p>The Crows Nest—located on the 3½ floor northeast staircase of Quigley, the highest office in altitude at 103 E. Chestnut. Fr. William Sheridan long resided in that office. His own name is carved on the wood of the door. The entrance to Memorial Hall is found through this office. During the 1960s this room served as the Le Petite Seminaire yearbook office, and was for a time called "Gilligans Island" after Rev. John Gilligan, the yearbook moderator.</p><br>
<p>Daily Mass—attendance at daily Mass in the early morning hours at one&#39;s home parish was required of Quigley students up until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Days of the Giants—an expression by older Quigley graduates about a past Golden Age in which the school&#39;s discipline and performance standards were higher, thus making the students of that era smarter, tougher, holier, better than any given present cohort of students, based upon a Scriptural reference to Genesis 6:4, "At that time the Nephilim (giants) appeared on earth (as well as later), after the sons of heaven had intercourse with the daughters of man, who bore them sons. They were the heroes of old, the men of renown."</p><br>
<p>Day off—Traditionally, if the bishop came to visit Quigley for Mass, students could receive the rest of the day off of school, according to his personal prerogative. In latter years of the institution Auxiliary Bishop Jakubowski (an alumnus), particularly, liked to uphold this tradition by announcing at the end of Mass his grant of a "day off" of school (to be given at some later date as determined by the rector.) This practice earned him great affection from students who would, then, beg every other bishop visiting Quigley (including all auxiliaries who might pass through, the cardinal archbishop of Chicago, and visiting prelates from other dioceses) for the same, usually without success. Cardinal George did also eventually offer this privilege to students, at least on one occasion</p><br>
<p>Demerit—25 demerits in a semester lead to a student&#39;s expulsion, 60 in a year likewise.</p><br>
<p>Demerit Card—A card which totes 25 spots, 5 of which lead to a JUG, 25 of which lead to an expulsion. Often referred to in Monopoly terms such as Go to Jail on 25, and Free Parking at 15 (a suspension).</p><br>
<p>Lenten Lob—during the season of Lent at Archbishop Quigley, tournaments were held to raise money for the Catholic Missions. Two key events are the Money Jars and the Lob. For the money jars, each class including faculty would have their own jar to collect/add money. At the end of Lent, the class with the most money wins; however, only quarters at to your amount while any other currency deducts from your total. The Lob is when students & faculty have to "lob" balls from different parts of the gymnasium balcony to a bucket on the floor of the gym. Depending on the location and the type of ball used, each class (plus faculty) gains points. At the end of Lent, the points and the money jar are added together to determine the winner.</p><br>
<p>Lenten Tournament—an intramural basketball tournament held both at Quigley and at off-site locations, such as the former Chicago Fire Department gymnasium at Navy Pier, during the Days of the Giants.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Hall—the east attic where students and faculty sneaked up and signed their names and class year. Earliest records indicates students from the class of 1918 and 1919, all four initials etched in stone. The rest have been signed in chalk with last name and graduation year. Memorial Hall can be accessed through the Crow&#39;s Nest.</p><br>
<p>Mission Party—a festive after-school event, usually on a Wednesday when Thursday was a free day, with card games, open gym and pool, movies, and refreshments, with funds raised going to benefit the Catholic Missions.</p><br>
<p>Mission Walk—The mission walk was to raise money for the Catholic missions, where students walk from Quigley to Mundelein Seminary, a total of approx 55 mi. Students are to fund raise money for each mile they walk. From the early 1990s to the early 2000s, the mission walk was a two-day event where students departed from Quigley on Friday morning and walk north to Mundelien. It is often tradition for the students who participate to stop by the Cardinal&#39;s residence before continuing on. The walk ended in the afternoon on Saturday. It is often tradition that the last mile the participants ran. After 2003, the mission walk was limited to Wrigley Field.</p><br>
<p>No girls—Quigley students were forbidden up to the point of expulsion from the seminary to date or to participate in clubs with girls without prior approval until 1966.</p><br>
<p>Pastors signature—during the Days of the Giants, a pastors letter of recommendation was required for a student to enter Quigley, and pastors as well as parents during the Days of the Giants were required to sign the students report card at final marking periods. The report card included both grades and demerit totals, so obtaining the pastors actual signature was a moment of reckoning.</p><br>
<p>Schola, or Schola Cantorum—a small group of Quigley students with mature voices trained in Gregorian Chant, who would sing at Quigley or at Holy Name Cathedral during the Days of the Giants.</p><br>
<p>Sparks—The official newspaper of Quigley North in its later years. Supposedly stems from an underground newspaper of the 70&#39;s called "Sparks from the Candle".</p><br>
<p>The Talon—The official student newspaper of Archbishop Quigley from 1990 to the present.</p><br>
<p>Thursday off, Saturday on—Quigley students went to school on Saturdays and had Thursday off up until 1966. On Thursdays, Quigley students would often go together to the nearest parish gym, which would sometimes be opened for their exclusive use. Parish priests would often also take Thursdays off, and sometimes join the seminarians in recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<h3>Bishops</h3><br>
<p>Alfred Leo Abramowicz (Q &#39;37) was an Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago who served as Director of the Catholic League for Religious Assistance to Poland (1960–95). He was the principal US fundraising and organizational contact for the Solidarity movement. He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.</p><br>
<p>Romeo Roy Blanchette (Q &#39;31) was Bishop of Joliet (1966–79).</p><br>
<p>Edward K. Braxton (QS &#39;62) is the Bishop of Belleville (2005–present) and former Bishop of Lake Charles (2000–05).</p><br>
<p>William E. Cousins (Q &#39;21) served as Archbishop of Milwaukee (1958–71).</p><br>
<p>Edward Egan (Q &#39;51) is a Cardinal who served as Bishop of Bridgeport (1988–2000) and Archbishop of New York City (2000–09).</p><br>
<p>Thomas Joseph Grady, (Q &#39;32) was the director of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception (1956–67) and Bishop of Orlando (1974–89).</p><br>
<p>Wilton D. Gregory (QS &#39;65) is the Archbishop of Atlanta (2005–present). He was the Bishop of Belleville (1994–2004) and president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2001–04).</p><br>
<p>Raymond Peter Hillinger (Q &#39;26) was Bishop of Rockford (1954–56) and auxiliary bishop of Chicago (1956–71).</p><br>
<p>Francis J. Kane (Q &#39;61) is an Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago (2003–present).</p><br>
<p>John Richard Keating (Q &#39;52) was the Bishop of Arlington (1983–98).</p><br>
<p>James Patrick Keleher (Q &#39;51) is the former Archbishop of Kansas City (1993–2005) and Bishop of Belleville (1984–93).</p><br>
<p>Gerald Frederick Kicanas (Q &#39;60) is the Bishop of Tucson (2003–present), served as Vice President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2007–2010), and as Chair of Catholic Relief Services (2010-).</p><br>
<p>Jerome Edward Listecki (QS &#39;67) is the Archbishop of Milwaukee (2010–present). He was formerly the Bishop of La Crosse (2004–09).</p><br>
<p>Timothy Joseph Lyne (Q &#39;37) is a retired Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago (1983–95).</p><br>
<p>John R. Manz (QN &#39;63) is an Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago (1993–present).</p><br>
<p>Paul Casimir Marcinkus (Q &#39;40) was an archbishop who served in a number of positions in the Vatican, most notably as head of the Istituto per le Opere di Religione (the "Vatican Bank&quot 1971–89).</p><br>
<p>John L. May (Q &#39;40) was the Bishop of Mobile (1969–80) and Archbishop of St. Louis (1980–92).</p><br>
<p>Thomas J. Murphy (Q &#39;51) was the Bishop of Great Falls-Billings (1978–87) and Archbishop of Seattle (1991–97).</p><br>
<p>Cletus F. ODonnell (Q 35) was Bishop of Madison (1967–92).</p><br>
<p>Thomas J. Paprocki (QS &#39;70) is the Bishop of Springfield (2010–present).</p><br>
<p>Ernest John Primeau (Q &#39;28) was Bishop of Manchester (1960–74).</p><br>
<p>George J. Rassas (Q &#39;61) is an Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago (2005–present).</p><br>
<p>Edward James Slattery (Q &#39;59) is the Bishop of Tulsa (1993–present).</p><br>
<p>John George Vlazny (Q &#39;55) is the Archbishop of Portland, and former Bishop of Winona (1987–97).</p><br>
<p>Aloysius John Wycislo (Q &#39;28) was Bishop of Green Bay (1968–83). During World War II and into the 1950s, he helped to establish refugee camps in the Middle East, India, and Africa, and later worked coordinating aid throughout Eastern and Western Europe.</p><br>
<h3>Other Clergy</h3><br>
<p>Daniel Coughlin (Q &#39;53) is the Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives (2000–2011); the first Roman Catholic to hold that position.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor John Joseph "Jack" Egan (Q 37) was an author and social and civil rights activist who marched with Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. De Paul Universitys Egan Urban Center is named for him.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Andrew M. Greeley (Q &#39;47) was an author, journalist, and sociologist perhaps best known as a columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor George G. Higgins, (Q &#39;34) was an author and civil rights activist. In 2000 he received both the Pacem in Terris Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor Reynold Henry Hillenbrand (Q 24) was a Quigley professor and leader in the Liturgical Movement. As rector of University of St. Mary of the Lake from 1936 to 1944, he served as mentor to several activist priests called "Hillys Men". mentor to "Specialized Catholic Action" and social action movements,</p><br>
<p>Mitch Pacwa SJ (QN &#39;67) scripture scholar and EWTN television and radio host.</p><br>
<p>Michael Pfleger (QS &#39;67) is a pastor and civil rights activist.</p><br>
<h3>Secular</h3><br>
<p>Edward M. Burke (Q &#39;61) is a Chicago alderman; the longest continuously serving alderman in the history of the Chicago City Council.</p><br>
<p>Michael Edward Harper (QS &#39;76) is a former NBA center-forward with the Portland Trail Blazers (1980–82).</p><br>
<p>John Jordan (Q 29) was the mens basketball coach at the University of Notre Dame (1951–64).</p><br>
<p>John H. Leims was a USA Marine awarded the Medal of Honor for service during the Battle of Iwo Jima (attended Quigley, later graduated from St. George High School in Evanston, Illinois).</p><br>
<p>Harry Lennix (QS &#39;83) is a television and film actor.</p><br>
<p>Michael McCaskey is the former chairman of the Chicago Bears (attended Quigley, later graduated from Notre Dame College Prep in Niles).</p><br>
<p>Ray Meyer was the head men&#39;s basketball coach at DePaul University (1942–84). He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1979 (attended, and later graduated from St. Patrick High School).</p><br>
<p>George Mikan (Q 41) was a Hall of Fame basketball player (1946–56), best known for his time with the Minneapolis Lakers. He was named the greatest player of basketballs first 50 years, and one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Munoz (QS &#39;82) is an Illinois State Senator (1999–present).</p><br>
<p>Bill O&#39;Neill, American football player</p><br>
<p>Richard Phelan (Q &#39;55) was an attorney who served as special counsel for the US House investigation of former Speaker Jim Wright and President of the Cook County Board.</p><br>
<p>Dan Savage (QN &#39;82), sex columnist and political pundit, co-founder of the It Gets Better Project, left Quigley in his sophomore year.</p><br>
<p>Martin Sandoval (QS &#39;82) is an Illinois State Senator (2003–present).</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Suffredin (QN &#39;65) is an attorney and Cook County Commissioner (2003–present).</p><br>
<p>Ed Zotti (aka Cecil Adams) (QN &#39;69) is an editor, columnist and author best known for his column The Straight Dope.</p><br>
